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THE  LIBRARY 

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THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


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B.  O.  Baker, 

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Time  saving.  Lator  sasrug 


BRIEF  LONGHAND: 


SYSTEM  OF  LONGHAND  CONTRACTIONS, 

BY    MEANS    OF    WHICH 

THE    PRINCIPAL   ADVANTAGES  OF  SHORTHAND  ARE  SECURED  ^  iTH 
OCT  RESORT  TO  STENOGRAPHIC  CHARACTERS,   AND  \fjrf|  fS 
PERFECT    LEGIBILITY  \ 

THE    WHOLE 

gletbotaliij  Jlrtangeb  wto  §Ws  illustrate: 

WITH 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  CORRECTING  THE  PRESS, 

AND    WITH 

KEYS  TO   THE  EXERCISES,  EMBRACING    REMARKS  UPON  THE  MEASg 
OF  ACQUIRING  EASE  AND  CORRECTNESS  IN  COMPOSITION.  THE 
METHOD  OF  KEEPING  A  COMMON-PLACE  BOOK  AND  INDEX 
RERUM,  THE  MOST  USEFUL  MODES  OF  READING,  IM- 
PROVEMENT OF  EDUCATIONAL  PROCESSES,  ETC. 

WITH  PRESENTATION  OF 

PARTIAL  PHONOGRAPHY. 

TU  WHICH  ARE  ADDED 
SEVERAL  APPENDIXES  PERTAINING  TO  PHONOTYPY   AND  PHONOGRAPHY. 

BY  ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM, 

AUTHOR  OF  THE  STANDARD-PHONOGRAPHIC  SERIES,  EDITOR  OF  THE 
"PHONOGRAPHIC  VISITOR,"  AND  THE  "  STUDENT'S  JOURNAL." 

"To  save  time  is  to  lengthen  life." 

NEW  YORK: 

ANDKEW  J.  GRAHAM  &  CO.,  1135  BROADWAY. 

1908. 


?£7  \  i. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1857, 

BY  ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM, 

In  the  ClerV's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southern 

District  of  New  York. 

Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1879, 

BY  ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  in  AVashington,  D.  C. 


ito  secure  the  treatise  on  partial  phonography  and  the   combination   of   th* 
same   with  Brief  Longhand.] 


X5L 
G-YCb 

1101?  &"/■ 


PREFACE. 


The  causes  that  led  to  the  formation  of  the  system  of  contritions 
here  presented  are  stated  in  subsequent  pages.  There  has  been,  at  least, 
an  earnest  endeavor  to  make  it  accord  not  only  -with  certain  principles 
of  legibility  and  speed,  which  have  been  thoroughly  tested  in  the  best 
system  of  shorthand  ever  devised,  but  also  with  the  principles  of  ab- 
breviation (developed  in  this  work)  which  have  heretofore  been  confi- 
dently relied  upon  by  the  literary  public ;  and  it  is  felt  entirely  un- 
necessary to  crave  for  it  the  lenient  exercise  of  judgment  and  criticism, 
mnce  much  rigid  testing  of  it  by  practice  has  induced  the  belief  that  tne 
system  will  improve  in  the  estimation  of  writers  in  the  proportion  that 
a  practical  knowledge  of  it  is  attained. 

There  is  nothing  abstruse  pertaining  to  the  system — nothing  which 
can  not  be  easily  learned  and  readily  reduced  to  practice.  Its  three 
styles  are  three  progressive  developments  of  the  same  principles — cor- 
responding to  three  different  classes  of  uses.  Each  style  is  amply 
illustrated  by  Exercises,  which  should  be  perused  till  familiarity  with 
the  appearance  of  words  as  contracted  is  attained.  This  injunction 
ihould  be  faithfully  heeded  by  all  who  wish  to  reap  the  full  benefits  of 
the  system.  The  Exercises,  besides  serving  as  exercise  in  Brief  Long- 
hand, will,  perhaps,  furnish  their  readers  with  useful  subjects  for 
thought.  Every  reader  seeking  the  means  of  intellectual  improvement 
will  thankfully  accept  the  suggestions  of  the  Exercises  entitled,  "  How 
to  Acquire  Ease  and  Correctness  in  Composition,"  "  Authorship,"  "  Read- 
ing to  Purpose,"  and  "Common-Placing."  The  article  on  "Mental 
Machinery,"  from  the  Tribune,  is  worthy  the.  serious  consideration  of 
every  educationist. 


448640 


IV  PREFACE. 

^    The  chapter  treating  of  Proof-Reading  will  doubtless  be  acceptable 

^  to  all  who  have  occasion  to  correct  the  press.     This  chapter  and  the 

^  0*  Table  of  Common  Abbreviations  make  this  treatise  a  complete  work  of 

i_:  :    reference  in  respect  of  all  the  more  general  contractions  employed  in 

the  language. 

Con+rdctwms  for  each  special  class  of  subjects  may  be  devised,  to  any 
desirable  extent,  in  accordance  with  the  principles  specified  in  the  chap- 
ter entitled  (Jeheral  Principles  of  Contraction. 

The  remarks  concerning  the  abbreviation  of  the  forms  of  letters  will 
be  found  to  contain  suggestions  which  may  be  acted  upon,  with  great 
advantage,  in  the  uncontracted  style  of  writing. 

That  this  work  may  conspire  with  other  causes  in  giving  the  human 
race  opportunities  for  Spiritual  Culture,  and  for  the  attainment  of  that 
rare,  but  desirable,  Spiritual  Freedom  so  beautifully  described  in  the 
remarks  quoted  in  this  work  from  the  writings  of  the  noble  and  sweet- 
minded  Channing,  is  the  earnest  prayer  of  the  Author. 

In  this  New  Edition 

there  has  been  added  a  treatise  on  Partial  Phonography,  showing  the 
pupil  how  to  increase  the  ease  and  speed  of  writing,  by  using  as  arbitra- 
ry expedients  some  of  the  more  frequently-used  word-signs  and  con- 
tractions of  Standard  Phonography.  The  Author's  invention,  Stereog- 
raphy, enables  him,  hi  this  new  chapter,  to  exemplify  Brief  Longhand 
writing  with  fac-similes  of  actual  writing. 

ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM. 

New  York,  Phonetic  Depot,  December,  1879. 


INDEX. 


Note. — The  figures  refer  to  the  page.     Ap.  =  Appendix. 


Abbreviated  Letters 66 

Abbreviations.  Common,  Table  of 50 

Advantages  of  Knowledge 24 

Affix-Signs.  List  of 83 

Angelo,  Michael,  Anecdote  of 26 

Authorship 44 

Autobiography,  Uses  of. 70 

Cautions  18,  50 

Common  Abbreviations.  Table  of 50 

Common  Placing,  Directions  for 41 

Composition,  How  to  Acquire  Ease  and  Correctness  in 14 

Contractions,  Common,  Table  of 50 

Contractions  for  Theological  Writers. 49 

Contractions,  General  Principles  of 22 

Contractions,  Special 49 

Donatello's  Statue  of  St.  George  25 

Elision 11 

Elision,  Lengthened  Mark  of 56 

Eloquence,  True,  Nature  of. 86 

Exercises,  Use  of. 18 

"  in  the  First  Style 14-16 

"  in  the  Third  Style 63 

"  on  Affix  and  Prefix  Signs 86 

"  on  Word-Signs  of  Second  Style 24 

"  in  Phraseography 44 

Extract  from  Bacon 64 

"        "      Bulwer 14 

"        "      Channing 15 

"       "      Ed.Phon.Int. 41 

"        "       Everett 29 

u        '•      George  Herbert. 74 

'•        "      Irving 80 

"        "      Landor 15 

«        "      ''Magic  Staff" 70 

■       "      New  York  Tribune 64 

"        •*      Phonetic  Journal 87 

"       "      Rev.  Thomas  Binney 15,44 

14      K.HaU 24 


VI  INDEX. 

Extract  from  Seneca 63 

"       "     "Webster 86 

Fortitude  of  Woman  under  Reverses  of  Fortune 80 

Freedom,  Spiritual 15 

Genius 14 

How  to  Acquire  Ease  and  Correctness  in  Composition 14 

Index  Rerum,  How  to  Keep  an 42 

Introduction . 7 

Knowledge,  Advantages  of 24 

Labor,  Man  Made  for •. 29 

Learning 14 

Letters,  Abbreviation  of. 56 

•L-ty,  Mode  of  Indicating 85 

"Magic  Staff,"  Extract  from 70 

Man  a  Microcosm 74 

Man  Made  for  Labor 29 

Mental  Machinery. 64 

Michael  Angelo,  Anecdote  of 25 

Nature  of  True  Eloquence 86 

Omission  of  Vowels 23 

Omission  of  Vowels  in  Third  Style 61 

Omission  of  Silent  Consonants. 61 

Phonetic  Alphabet Ap. 

Phonography  and  its  Uses. Ap. 

Phonotypy 64 

Phonotypy,  Specimen  of Ap. 

Plurals  and  Possessives. 13 

Prefix-Signs,  List  of 81 

Principles  of  Contraction 22 

Proof  Reading,  Minute  Directions  for 57 

Progress 15 

Reading  to  Purpose 37 

•R-ty,  Mode  of  Indicating 35 

Sayings  of  Seneca 63 

Second  Style,  Characteristics  of 17 

"       "      Word-Signs  of 17 

"       "       Sign-Words  of 20 

Sign- Affixes,  List  of    85 

Sign-Prefixes,  List  of 33 

Special  Contractions 49 

Spiritual  Freedom 15 

Studies 63 

Table  of  Common  Abbreviations 50 

Third  Style 61 

"        "    Uses  and  Characteristics  of 61 

"       "    Exercises  in 63-76 

Types,  Different  Kinds  of. 59 

Uses  of  Autobiography 70 

Vowels,  Omission  of 23 

Woman,  Fortitude  oi,  under  Reverses  of  Fortune 80 

Word-Signs  used  foi  Prefixes  and  Affixes 14 


INTROIUCTION. 


"  Who  that  Is  much  in  the  habit  of  writing,  has  not  often  wished  for  some  meant 
of  expressing  by  two  or  three  dashes  of  the  pen,  that  which,  as  things  arc,  it  requires 
•uch  an  expenditure  of  time  and  labor  to  commit  to  paper  ?  Our  present  mode  of 
communication  must  be  felt  to  be  cumbersome  in  the  last  degree,  unworthy  of  these 
days  of  invention.  "We  require  some  means  of  bringing  the  operations  of  the  mind, 
and  of  the  hand,  inio  closer  correspondence."— English  Review. 

The  system  of  phonetic  shorthand  furnishes  the  means  of  bringing  the 
operations  of  the  hand  into  complete  correspondence  with  the  most  rapid 
operations  of  the  mind  in  composition ;  and  it  is  to  he  hoped  that  the 
same  laws  of  economy  which  have  given  the  world  the  blessings  of  the 
railroad,  telegraph,  steam  printing  presses,  and  various  other  time  and 
labor  savers,  will  in  due  season  confer  upon  the  literary  and  commercial 
world  the  numerous  advantages  of  phonetic  shorthand  or  phonography. 
Let  the  public  be  made  fully  aware  of  the  benefits  of  this  system  as  a 
time  and  labor  saver  in  writing,  as  a  facility  in  attaining  an  education., 
as  an  assistance  in  acquiring  a  beautifully  accurate  pronunciation  of  the 
English  language  and  in  overcoming  the  various  defects  of  articulation, 
and  as  a  means  of  pecuniary  success  for  thousands  of  young  men  and 
women  who  thoroughly  acquire  it,  and  ere  long  it  will  be  made  a  branch 
of  study  in  all  our  schools,  or,  in  this  case,  the  same  motives  and  reasons 
will  not  prevail  which  constantly  induce  progress  in  every  other  respect. 
As  compared  with  phonography,  the  present  mode  of  writing  results  in 
the  waste  of  four  fifths  of  the  vast  amount  of  time  and  labor  devoted  to 
its  use.  Give  the  thought  and  energy  wasted  by  the  common  longhand 
the  time  that  would  be  saved  by  the  use  of  phonetic  shorthand,  and  the 
world  would  receive  for  its  investment  a  rich  reward  in  the  way  of  thought 
embodied  in  books  and  all  kinds  of  inventions.  In  the  mean  time  each 
one  who  can,  from  other  immediate  demands  upon  his  attention,  afford 
the  necessary  time  for  the  acquisition  of  phonography,  will  find  himself 
involuntarily  assisting  in  the  prevalence  of  that  art  by  the  praises  hi 
will  be  compelled  to  give  it  for  the  benefits  it  will  bestow  upon  him  in 
numerous  ways.  Those  who  can  not  afford  so  great  an  advantage,  should 
cot  fail  to  do  the  next  best  thing — learn  brief  "ionghand. 


Viii  INTRODUCTION 


IRKSOMENESS    OF   LONGHAND. 

Nothing  can  be  more  unnecessary  than  to  dilate  upon  the  tediousuesa 
of  the  unabbreviated  longhand  writing.  That  it  is  exceedingly  irksome 
e  one  of  the  firmest  kind  of  convictions  of  every  writer  who  has  used  it 
to  any  considerable  extent.  That  its  cumbersomeness  should  have  led  to 
the  devising  of  numerous  systems  of  shorthand  affords  no  ground  for 
astonishment ;  neither  can  it  surprise  the  initiated  that  it  has  led  to  the 
extensive  practice  of  sleights  of  (long)  hand  which  are  oftentimes  wholly 
incomprehensible  even  by  those  who  impose  them  upon  the  public.  It  is 
only  surprising  that,  inasmuch  as  most  longhand  writers  resort  to  various 
devices  to  save  labor,  some  one  should  not  sooner  have  offered  the  public 
a  practical  system  of  contractions  and  expedients,  which  would  make  a 
saving  possible  where  it  is  most  needed,  and  enable  the  economy  of  con- 
traction to  be  availed  of  to  a  much  larger  extent  than  heretofore  by  so- 
curing  uniformity  of  practice. 

ORIGIN    OF    THE    PRESENT    SYSTEM    OF    BRIEF    LONGHAND. 

The  present  essay  at  a  practical  system  of  abbreviated  longhand  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  Author,  during  a  long  course  of  reporting,  has  used 
the  common  longhand  to  an  enormous  extent  in  cases  where  a  great 
amount  of  life-exhausting  labor  might  have  been  saved,  could  he  have 
employed  a  series  of  contractions,  such  as  he  now  presents. 

That  his  method  is  practical  he  confidently  trusts,  because  it  is  devised 
with  strict  reference  to  the  principles  which  have  been  thoroughly  ap- 
proved by  extensive  practice  in  the  system  of  phonetic  shorthand  which 
he  has  employed  in  his  profession  of  reporting ;  and  because  the  system 
has  undergone  the  test  of  several  months'  use,  with  a  determination  on 
the  part  of  the  Author  to  seek  out  and  remove  every  discoverable  defect. 
The  motives  which  induced  him  to  publish  the  present  treatise  were 
stated  in  Vol.  I.  of  the  Phonographic  Intelligencer,  from  which  the  fol- 
lowing paragraph  is  extracted : 

"  Acting  upon  St.  Paul's  plan  of  being  as  a  Jew  to  the  Jews,  as  a 
Roman  to  the  Romans — of  being  all  things  to  all  men  in  order  to  save 
some;  while  to  phonographers  we  become  as  a  phonographer,  in  order  to 
gain  those  who  are  under  phonetic  law,  we  have  been  preparing  to 
become  as  a  Roman  to  the  Romans— those  without  the  knowledge  of 
phonetics — in  order  that  we  may  gain  them  also.  While  we  have  pre- 
pared the  Hand-Book  of  Standard  Phonography  for  phonographers  and 
those  who,  when  apprised  of  the  benefits  of  phonography,  are  willing  to 
undertake  the  requisite  labor  for  its  acquisition,  we  have  been  devising 
a  system  of  longhand  contractions  and  expedients  for  the  use  of  those 
who  are  not  aware  of  the  advantages  of  phonography,  or  who,  from  want 


INTRODUCTION.  IX 

of  time  or  trom  disinclination,  are  unwilling  to  study  it.  It  is  to  be 
hoped,  however,  that  by  the  exertions  of  phonographers,  the  entire  com- 
munity will  be  brought  to  fully  appreciate  the  advantages  of  phonetic 
shorthand ;  that  it  will  be  taught  in  our  schools ;  and  that  a  knowledge 
of  it  will  be-  considered  an  indispensable  part  of  education.  But  that 
some  do  not,  or  will  not,  understand  and  enjoy  the  benefits  of  our  favor- 
ite art  is  not  sufficient  reason  for  leaving  them  to  the  waste  of  time  and 
energy  consequent  upon  the  use  of  the  unabbreviated  longhand.  For 
such  we  would  provide  a  system  of  longhand  contractions  and  expedients, 
belieAing  that  we  should  confer  a  blessing  upon  our  race  just  to  the  ex- 
tent that  we  saved  it  from  an  unnecessary  waste  of  time  and  effort.  A 
great  time  and  labor  saving  invention,  like  the  steam-engine  or  telegraph, 
is  equal,  in  the  history  of  the  race,  to  the  growth  and  progress  of  a  cen- 
tury ;  and  all  economizers  of  time  and  labor  should  be  accepted  as  bless- 
ings, whether  they  come  up  to  our  standard  or  not ;  and  if  the  public 
will  not  use  the  best  time-saYer  in  writing,  they  should  be  allowed  to 
employ  the  one  to  which  they  are  inclined  by  their  prejudices,  necessities, 
tastes,  or  habits." 

OF  THE    DIFFERENT    STYLES    OF  BRIEF    LONGHAND,  AND  THEIR  SAVING. 

From  a  careful  estimate,  ij  appears  that  by  the  use  of  the  Second  Style 
of  abbreviated  longhand  a  saving  of  more  than  thirty  per  cent,  is  effected. 
A  saving  of  ten  per  cent,  is  secured  by  the  use  of  ten  of  the  contractions 
of  the  First  Style.  The  use  of  the  contractions  and  principles  of  con- 
tractions, of  the  Third  Style,  results  in  a  saving  of  fifty  per  cent. ;  and 
yet  the  legibility  is  so  slightly  impaired  by  judicious  contractions,  that 
even  the  Second  Style  may  be  read  with  ease  after  a  very  few  minutes' 
study.  A  manuscript  in  the  Second  Style  was  read  at  sight  by  a  young 
lad,  a  "  reader"  in  the  office  where  this  work  is  stereotyped.  The  First 
Style,  Avhich  makes  a  saving  of  more  than  fifteen  per  cent.,  may  be  used, 
without  endangering  legibility,  in  all  ordinary  correspondence ;  and  the 
Second  Style  may  be  employed,  with  as  much  safety  as  the  unabbreviated 
style,  in  all  correspondence  between  persons  acquainted  with  the  system; 
and  so  legible  is  it,  that  printers  will  ill  deserve  the  vast  amount  of  busi- 
ness they  owe  the  literary  world,  if  they  should  refuse  to  authors  the 
privilege  of  employing  this  style  in  their  "  copy."  The  Third  Style  is 
designed  for  use  in  all  cases  where  legibility  is  secondary  to  the  saving 
of  time  and  labor ;  as  in  copying  letters ;  in  making  abstracts  of,  and 
quotations  from,  works  read  ;  in  rough-sketching  business  and  literary 
papers,  and  in  taking  notes  of  testimony,  lectures,  sermons,  etc. 

USES   OF    BRIEF    LONGHAND    FOR    EDITORS    AND    REPORTERS. 

If  the  compositors  employed  on  newspapers  were  acquainted  with  tin 

1* 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

Second  Style  of  brief  longhand,  a  large  amount  of  all  the  labor  now  re- 
quired in  the  way  of  editing,  and  reporting  for,  a  newspaper  might  be 
eaved ;  and  it  is  doubted  that  any  serious  difficulty  will  be  experienced 
in  availing  of  this  economy.  Every  intelligent  compositor  would  will- 
ingly accede  to  a  request  to  set  from  abbreviated  "  copy ;"  and  little  re- 
gard should  be  had  for  that  stupid  compositor  who  would  be  so  unjust  as 
to  require  that  a  corps  of  editors  and  reporters  should  be  burthened  with 
one  third  more  of  mere  manual  drudgery  than  is  necessary  rather  than 
that  he  should  make  a  slight  intellectual  effort  for  the  acquisition  of  the 
]  Knciples  of  abbreviated  longhand.  Reporters  especially  should  not  be 
content  till  they  are  permitted  to  avail  themselves  of  so  reasonable  a 
means  of  lessening  the  excessive  burthen  of  their  profession  as  the  em- 
ployment of  brief  longhand  in  transcribing  their  reports.  If  this  priv- 
ilege should  not  be  conceded  at  once  to  them, — perhaps,  in  due  time,  com- 
positors will  learn  how  much  better  it  would  be  to  set  from  plainly 
written  abbreviations  than  from  the  illegible  writing  to  which  reporters 
must  oftentimes  be  compelled  to  resort. 

USES    OF    BRIEF   LONGHAND   WITH    RESPECT   TO    PHONOGRAPHY. 

It  is  not  intended  that  this  system  of  contractions  shall  conflict  with, 
or  supplant,  phonography  On  the  other  hand  it  is  expected  that  it  will 
prove  valuable  to  phonographers  in  saving  them,  to  a  considerable  extent, 
from  the  drudgery  of  longhand  writing  in  all  cases  where  its  use  is 
necessary.  Moreover,  brief  longhand,  by  accustoming  the  public  to 
stenographic  principles,  and  showing  their  value  in  economising  time  and 
labor,  will  induce  a  state  of  affairs  which  will  powerfully  favor  the  gen- 
eral introduction  of  phonetic  shorthand,  which  is  nearly  as  legible  as 
print,  and  whose  use  will  effect  a  saving  of  eighty  per  cent,  of  the  time 
and  labor  required  with  the  employment  of  unabbreviated  longhand. 
For  these  reasons  phonographers  are  invited  to  aid  in  extending  a  knowl- 
edge of  brief  longhand  wherever  a  reception  of  phonography  can  not  be 
secured.  Perhaps  it  will  not  be  inexpedient  for  phonographic  teachers 
to  con&ider  how  they  may  make  brief  longhand  contribute  to  the  success 
of  their  efforts  in  behalf  of  phonetic  writing  and  printing. 


BRIEF  LONGHAND. 


FIRST,  OR  CORRESPONDING,  STYLE. 

§  1.  Word- Sign,  Sign- Word. — The  contractions  employed  in  Brief 
Longhand  are  denominated  Word-Signs,  -while  the  words  represented  by 
them  are  called  Sign-Words.  For  is  a  sign-word,  and  f,  the  letter  em- 
ployed for  it,  is  a  word-sign. 

§  2.  The  Mark  of  Elision  is  a  light  horizontal  stroke  (-).  For  th« 
purpose  of  distinction,  the  hyphen,  in  writing,  should  be  made  double , 
thus  =. 

Rem.  1.  For  convenience  of  speech  the  mark  of  omission  may  be  called  the  Elision, 
just  as  we  apply  the  term  Apostrophe  to  the  mark  (')  used  to  indicate  an  apostrophe; 
or  the  omission  of  a  letter. 

§  3.  In  the  lists  of  word-signs,  a  word  is  occasionally  printed  with  a 
hyphen,  thus,  be-en ;  with  a  double  letter;  thus,  ha"v(;  or,  with  both  a 
hyphen  and  double  letters;  thus  no-'r;  to  intimate  that  the  correspond- 
ing word-signs  represent  be  and  been  ;  has  and  have  ;  no,  not,  and  nor 
The  context  will  clearly  show  which  word  is  intended. 

§  4.    LIST    OF   WORD-SIGNS    OF    THE    CORRESPONDING    STYLE. 

{For  the  use  of  the  Reader.) 


a a-n 

a  or  8f and 

b be-en 

c can 

cd could 

d do-ne 

e the 

ea each 

ei either 

ev ever 

ey every 

/ for 

fr from 


ve 


g give-n 

h   he,   ha" 

/ I 

i in,  it 

/ will 

m me,  my,  ma> 


-»i., 


nei neither 

nev never 


12 


BRIEF     LONGHAND. 


ny any 

o or 

oth other 

P «P 

pn upon 

q quite 

r are 

-;• our 

* is 

sd should 

see several 

sfi shall 

t to 


th 


.the: 


m 


tho though 

thr through 

t 1 that 

u under 

v of 

w with,  we,  was 

wd would 

wh which 

ton when 

wr. . were 

wt what 

y you,  your 

ys  ., yours 

yt yet 

z as 


§  6.    LIST    OF    SIGN-WORDS    OF   THE    CORRESPONDING    STYLE 

(For  the  use  of  the  Writer.) 

I  it i 


a a 

am -»i 

an a 

and clot  8{ 

any ny 

are  r 


be-en b 

can c 

could cd 

do d 

done d 

each ea 

either ei 

ever cv 

every ey 

for / 

from .fr 

give-n g 


ha-! 
he. 
I.. 


ve 


may m 

me m 

my m 

neither net 

nevei nev 

t 

no-    n 

r 

of v 

on -n 

or o 

other oth 

our -r 

quite q 

several  sev 

shall sh 

should sd 

that tt 

the e 

them th 

they th 

though tho 

through  ....  thr 

to t 

under u 


FIRST      STYLE 


IS 


np P 

upon pn 

was w 

we w 

were wr 

what wt 

when wn 

which wh 


will / 

with w 

would wd 

yet yt 

you y 

your y 

yours Vs 


§  6.  Word-  Signs  used  for  Prefixes  and  Affixes. — A  word-sign  may 
be  employed  either  as  a  prefix  or  affix,  when  confusion  would  not  result 
from  such  use  ;  thus,  '  bcause  =  because,  bf  =  before,  wherev  :=  wher- 
ever, wnev  =  whenever,  whev  =  whichever,  wtev  =  whatever,  wout  = 
without,  wi  =  within,  neveless  =  nevertheless,  nwstanding  =  notwith- 
standing.' 

With  and  for-  e  when  prefixes  or  affixes  should,  as  a  general  rule,  be 
elevated  ;  thus,  '  wdraw  =  withdraw,  herew  =  herewith,  fget  =  for- 
get, 'g  =  forgive,  heretf  =  heretofore.' 

In,  when  a  prefix,  should  usually  be  written  in  full.  When  a  portion 
of  a  compound  word,  it  may  be  represented  by  i  joined  to  the  other  por- 
tion or  portions  ;  thus,  *  it  =  into,  izmuch  =  inasmuch,  wi  =  within, 
herei  =  herein,  hereit  =  hereinto.'  Greater  clearness  may  occasionally 
result  from  disjoining  or  elevating  in  ;  thus,  'wiorw'  =  within.' 

Under,  when  a  prefix,  should  always  be  elevated ;  thus,  '  "stand  = 
understand,  "go  =  undergo.' 

§  7.  Plurals,  Possessives,  etc. — S  may  be  added  to  a  word-sign  to  in- 
dicate the  plural  number  or  possessive  case  of  a  noun,  or  the  third  per- 
son singular  of  a  verb  in  the  present  tense;  thus,  'bj,'  object;  '  bjs,' 
objects ;  '  g,'  give  ;  '  gs,'  gives.  The  syllable  -ing  may  be  marked  after 
a  word-sign  by  ng ;  thus,  bng  =  being,  gng  =  giving. 

§  8.  Caictions. — Write  the  word-signs  clearly :  distinguish  between 
r,  v,  and  o  ;  c,  e,  and  a  ;  g,  y,  and  q  ;  n  and  u.  The  best  form  for  '  z' 
is  z.  Avoid  flourishes :  they  are  not  in  good  taste,  waste  time,  and  en- 
danger legibility.  In  this  style,  no  words  should  be  contracted,  except 
those  given  in  the  preceding  list. 

§9.  Use  of  the  Exercises.— The  Reading  Exercises  should  be  read  and  re-read  till 
perfect  familiarity  is  acquired  with  the  word-signs  occurring  in  them.  The  reading 
exercises  of  the  second  and  third  styles  are  accompanied  by  keys,  which  serve  the 
purpose  of  writing  exercises.  The  reading  exercises  having  been  read  several 
times,  the  student  should  copy  the  keys  into  brief  longhand,  correcting  his  errors  by 
reference  to  the  reading  exercises.  This  process  of  writing  and  correction  should 
be  continued  so  long  as  any  errors  occur. 


14  BRIEF     LONGHAND. 


§  10.  EXERCISES. 

(1.)   GENIUS. 

I  -m  n  believer  i  genius  wout  labor ;  but  I  d  believe  ob  labor,  ju^ 
dlciously  &  continuously  applied,  bcomes  genius  i  iself.  Success  i  re- 
moving obstacles,  z  i  conquering  armies,  depends  n  this  law  v  mechanics 
— e  greatest  amount  v  force  at  y  command,  concentrated  -nag  point. 
If  y  constitutional  force  b  less  than  anoth  man's,  y  equal  him  if  y  con- 
tinue i  longer  &  concentrate  i  more.  E  old  saying  v  e  Spartan  parent 
t  e  son  who  complained  tt  his  sword  w  too  short,  s  applicable  t  eything  i 
life — "If  y  weapon  s  too  short  add  a  step  t  i."  Dr.  Arnold,  e  famous 
Rugby  schoolmaster,  said  e  difference  between  one  boy  &  anoth  w  n  so 
much  i  talent  z  i  energy.  I  s  w  boys  z  w  men ;  &  perseverance  s 
energy  made  habitual. — Bulwer. 

(2.)    HOW    TO   ACQUIRE    EASE    AND   CORRECTNESS    IN   COMPOSITION. 

After  reading,  f  instance,  e  history  v  some  particular  period,  if  y  1 
set  t  work  &  write  y  recollections  &  impressions,  o  construct  a  orig- 
inal narrative  v  y  own,  y  1  see  wt  y  c  remember,  y  1  find  out  wt  y  h 
forgotten,  y  1  ascertain  how  e  historical  events  &  characters  fashion 
thselves  t  y  apprehension  &  judgment.  Such  a  exercise  1  discipline  e 
memory,  call  forth  y  powers  v  discrimination,  test  y  ability  w  regard 
t  facts  &  t  describe  character,  &  i  many  ways  m  reveal  something 
about  yself  well  worth  y  knowing.  If  y  read  e  works  v  some  poet,  & 
then  try  t  write  a  estimate  v  him,  putting  down  y  impressions  v  his 
genius, — wt  strikes  y  i  his  thoughts  o  style,  his  imagery  o  measures,  z  i 
-ny  way  peculiar, — o  wt  y  suppose  fr  their  effect  pn  yself,  must  b  e 
probable  tendency  o  influence  v  his  writing,  y  1  bring  out,  I  believe,  by 
such  a  effort,  thoughts  &  feelings  wh  had  b  passing  w  i  y  half  uncon- 
sciously, wh  wd  h  nev  b  recalled,  &  nev  caught,  but  f  e  exercise  wh 
seizes  &  detains  th.  I  s  very  useful  t  write  a  analysis  v  a  book  o  v 
some  extended  and  elaborate  discourse, — t  put  down  w  y  own  hand, 
and  i  y  own  words,  wt  appears  t  y  t  b  e  writers  ideas,  &  order  v  his 
arrangement — e  cohesions,  articulations,  &  success  v  his  argument. 
After  reading  -n  ny  particular  subject,  ei  i  one  book  o  sev  (too  o  three 
r  often  t  b  preferred  t  one,  f,  at  particular  times,  i  s  better  t  read  sub- 
jects than  books),  after  dng  this,  if  y  try  t  write  something  -n  e  subject 
yself,  t  arrange  y  thoughts  &  study  y  conclusions,  t  argue  and  illus- 
trate i  i  y  own  way,  y  1  find  out  whether  y  "stand  i  o  n,  o  how  far 
y  "stand  it,  &  if  y  d  "stand  i,  y  1  get  such  a  hold  v  i, — y  1  so  see  i,  & 
so  apprehend  i  i  all  its  lights,  aspects,  &  accidents,  tt  i  lmost  likely 


FIRST     STYLE.  15 

nev  b  lost — nev  rgotten.  I  this  way  original  composition  m  b  used  z  a 
instrument  v  mental  culture ;  I  believe  i  t  b  one  singularly  emacious. 
I  braces  e  faculties,  i  gs  th  strength,  nimbleness,  dexterity,  by  e  tasks  i 
imposes  &  e  duty  i  demands ;  i  s  a  enemy  t  self-deception,  by  e  terri- 
ble disclosures  i  sometimes  makes  z  t  e  crudeness  v  y  conceptions,  « 
treachery  v  y  memory,  e  poverty  v  y  knowledge,  y  inability  4  express, 
clearly  &  competently,  even  wt  y  know.  I  s  favorable  t  growth  & 
progress  by  virtue  v  e  great  law  v  -r  nature,  tt  power  sh  b  increased  by 
ey  honest  &  hearty  effort  at  using  rightly  e  strength  w  h. — Rev.  Thomai 
Binney. 

(3.)   PROGRESS. 

There  s  n  higher  proof  v  e  excellency  v  man  than  this — tt  t  a  mind 
properly  cultivated,  wtev  s  bounded  s  little.  E  mind  s  continually  la- 
boring t  advance,  step  by  step,  thr  successive  gradations  v  excellence, 
toward  perfection,  wh  s  dimly  seen  at  a  great,  tho  n  a  hopeless  distance, 
&  wh  w  must  always  follow,  bcause  w  nev  c  attain.  But  e  pursuit 
rewards  iself ;  one  truth  teaches  anoth ;  &  -r  storing  always  increas- 
ing, tho  nature  c  nev  b  exhausted. — Channing. 

(4.)    LEARNING 

Learning  invests  us  w  grand  &  glorious  privileges,  &  grants  t  ua 
a  largess  v  beatitude.  We  enter  -r  studies  and  enjoy  a  society  wh  w 
alone  c  bring  tgether.  W  raise  n  jealousy  by  conversing  w  one  i  pref- 
erence t  anoth ;  w  g  n  offense  t  e  most  illustrious  by  questioning  him  z 
long  z  w  1,  &  leaving  him  abruptly.  Diversity  v  opinion  raises  n  tu- 
mult i  -r  presence ;  ea  interlocutor  stands  bf  us,  speaks  o  s  silent,  & 
w  adjourn  o  decide  e  business  at  -r  leisure.  Nthing  s  past  wh  w  desire 
t  b  present ;  &  w  enjoy  by  a  anticipation  somewt  like  e  power  wh  I 
imagine  w  sh  possess  hereafter,  v  sailing  -n  a  wish  from  world  t  world. 
— Landor. 

(5.)    SPIRITUAL    FREEDOM. 

I  call  tt  mind  free,  wh  masters  e  senses,  wh  protects  iself  against  ani- 
mal appetites,  wh  contemns  pleasure  &  pain  i  comparison  w  is  own 
energy,  which  penetrates  beneath  the  body  &  recognizes  is  own  reality 
&  greatness,  wh  passes  life,  n  i  asking  wt  i  sh  eat  o  drink,  but  i  hunger- 
ing, thirsting,  &  seeking  after  righteousness. 

I  call  tt  mind  free,  wh  escapes  e  bondage  v  matter,  wh,  instead  v 
Btopping  at  e  material  universe,  &  making  i  a  prison- wall  passes  beyond 
i  t  is  Author,  &  finds  i  e  radiant  signatures  wh  ieyr  [everywhere]  bears 
*  e  Infinite  Spirit,  helps  t  is  own  spiritual  enlargement. 

I  call  tt  mind  free,  wh  jealously  guards  is  intellectual  rights  &  pow 


16  BRIEF      LONGHAND. 

ers,  wn  calls  n  man  master,  wh  ds  n  content  iself  w  a  passive  o  herecU 
itary  faith,  wh  opens  iself  t  light  wncesoever  i  m  come,  wh  receives  a  new 
truth  z  a  angel  fr  heaven,  wh,  while  consulting  others,  inquires  still' 
moru  v  e  oracle  w1  iself,  &  uses  instructions  fr  abroad,  n  t  supersede  but 
t  quicken  &  exalt  is  own  energies. 

I  call  tt  mind  free,  wh  sets  n  bounds  t  is  love,  wh  s  n  imprisoned  i 
iself,  o  i  a  sect,  wh  recognizes  i  all  human  beings  e  image  v  God  &  e 
rights  v  his  children,  wh  delights  i  virtue  &  sympathizes  w  suffering  rev 
[wherever]  th  r  seen,  wh  conquers  pridt,  anger,  &  sloth,  &  offers  iself  p 
a  willing  victim  t  e  cause  v  mankind. 

I  call  tt  mind  free,  wh  s  n  passively  framed  by  outward  circum- 
stances, wh  s  n  swept  away  by  e  torrent  v  events,  wh  s  n  e  creature  v 
accidental  impulse,  but  wh  bends  events  t  is  own  improvement,  &  acts  fr 
a  inward  spring,  fr  immutable  principles,  wh  i  h  deliberately  espoused. 

I  call  tt  mind  free,  wh  protects  iself  against  e  usurpations  v  society, 
wh  ds  n  cower  t  human  opinion,  wh  feels  iself  accountable  t  a  higher 
tribunal  than  man's,  wh  respects  a  higher  law  than  passion,  wh  re- 
spects iself  too  much  t  b  e  slave  o  tool  v  e  mny  o  e  few. 

I  call  tt  mind  free,  wh,  thr  confidence  i  God  &  i  e  power  v  virtue,  h 
cast  off  all  fear  but  tt  v  wrong-dng,  wh  n  menace  o  peril  c  enthrall,  wh 
6  calm  i  e  midst  v  tumults.  &  possesses  iself  tho  all  else  b  lost. 

I  call  tt  mind  free,  wh  resists  e  bondage  v  habit,  wh  ds  n  mechanically 
repeat  iself  &  copy  e  past,  wh  ds  n  live  -n  is  old  virtues,  wh  ds  n  enslave 
iself  t  precise  rules,  bt  wh  fgets  wt  s  bhind,  listens  f  newer  &  higher  mo- 
nitions v  conscience,  &  rejoices  t  pour  iself  forth  i  fresh  &  higher  exer- 
tions. 

I  call  tt  mind  free,  wh  s  jealous  v  is  own  freedom,  wh  guards  iself  fr 
bng  merged  i  oths,  wh  guards  is  empire  over  iself  z  nobler  than  e  empire 
v  e  world. 

I  fine,  I  call  tt  mind  free,  wh  conscious  v  is  affinity  w  God,  *  *  de- 
votes iself  faithfully  t  e  unfolding  v  all  is  powers,  wh  passes  e  bounds  v 
time  &  death,  wh  hopes  t  advance  f  ev,  &  wh  finds  inexhaustible  power, 
both  of  action  &  suffering,  i  e  prospect  v  immortality.— Charming. 


BEYOND 

SITTLE. 

- 

.....    .     ! 

IT 


SECOND,  OR  AUTHOR'S,   STYLE  OF   * 
BRIEF  LONGHAND. 

§  11.  Characteristics  of  the  Second  Style. — In  the  Second  Style  of 
Brief  Longhand,  a  considerable  number  of  word-signs  are  employed  in 
addition  to  those  of  the  First  Style ;  besides  contracting  the  established 
sign-words,  the  writer  may  exercise  his  discretion  in  abbreviating*  in" 
accordance  with  the  prescribed  principles,  many  other  words ;  the  prin- 
cipal prefixes  and  affixes  are  represented  by  means  of  contractions 
(called  prefix  and- affix  signs) ;  and  words  (especially  sign-words)  occur- 
ring together  in  phrases,  are  united  without  lifting  the  pen 


§  12.    WORD-SIGNS    OF    THE    AUTHOR'S    STYLE    OF    BRIEF   LONGHAND. 


(Fur  the  use  of  the  Reader.) 

A.  chd child  • 

chdn  ....  children 

chrc character 

chrcc  . . .  .characteris- 
tic 

on come-  • 

crd according-ly 


\ 


a .a-n 

a  or  &  . . .  and 

abt about 

ar.k acknowledge 

advg  ....  advantage 

aft after 

amg  (ag) .  among 
aoth  (ao).  another 

B. 

b be-en,  by 

be because 

bem become 

bf before 

bt but 


btn 
byd. 


.  .between 
. . beyond 


.can 


cd could 


D. 

d done 

dfc difficult-y 

dif differ 

difce difference 

dift different 

drg{dg)..  during 

dch discharge 

dwn down 

E. 

e the 

ea each 

« either 


esp especial-ly 

est establish-ed 

ev ever J 

ey every. 


/ for 

-/ if 

fd forward 

fg  (^...forgive 

fllg following 

fr from 


G. 

.God 
.  give-n 


G  .. 

S  •• 

g'l good 

gl genera 

gly generally 

gov govern 

govt government 

grt great 


18 


BKIEF     LONGHAND. 


H. 

* he,  ha*e 

hd had 

Am him 

h*   himself 

htov  (f>v).  however 

I. 

/ I 

» in,  it 

irrg irregular 

xa its,  it  is 

t» itself 

*at interest 

it into 

K. 

k know-n, 

knowledge 

kd kind 

kg king 

L. 

/ will  (all) 

-/ all 

Ld Lord 

lh longhand 

-try already 

M. 


mch 
mp  . 


.  me,  my,  may 
.am 
.much 
.improve 


ce 


mpt importan 

mr more 

mr   (ml)  .more  or  less 
mr°  (m0).. moreover 

mst must 

mt might 

N. 

n no,  not,  nor 

-n on 


nei neither 

nev never 

nett  (n1)..  nevertheless 

ng thing 

nng nothing 

nr number 

ntr nature 

n" notwith- 
standing 
nyng anything 

0. 
o or 


obj object 

objn objection 

oppt opportunity 

oth  (o)  . .  .other 
ou ought 


P «p 

perf perfect 

perfn ....  perfection 

ph phonetic 

phn phonogra- 
phy 
phnc  . . .  .phonogragh- 

ic 
phnr  . . .  .phonogra- 

pher 
pn upon 

.     •  al 
Pr pnnciple 

ptr particular 


Q.  or  qn . .  question 

q quite 

qy query 

R. 

r are,  where 

-r our 

i  reg regular 


rem  . . .    .remark 

rep represent 

repn  ....  representa* 

tion 
repv representa- 
tive 
rv wherever 

S. 
s is,  his 

8- SO 

sbj subject 

sbjn subjection 

8d should  (said) 

sev several 

ah shall 

shh shorthand 

am some 

amng ....  something 
°at circum- 
stance 
°stl circumstan- 
tial 


t to 

-t at,  out 

td toward 

tg together 

th they,  them 

th' these 

tho though 

th" those 

thr their,     they 

are,  there 

thr through 

thrt throughout 

ths this,  thus 

tht thought 

tld told 

tr truth 

trf truthful 

tt    that 


SECOND     STYLE. 


19 


U. 

« nnder,  us 

u$t understand 

ustd understood 

V. 
c of 

»ry  (»y)..very 

W. 

te with,  we,  was 

w- who 

wd would 

wev whoever 

wh which 

whv whichever 


wl within 

wle while 

wm whom,     who 

wn when       [am 

wnv whenever 

tor were 

ws whose,  who  is 

wt what 

wtv whatever 

"t without 

X. 
xo extraordina- 
ry 
zv extravagan 


Y. 

y you,  your 

ys yours 

y yourself 

y" yourselves 

yt yet 

z. 

z  as 


&. 

^•ora and 

Sfc etcetera 

8es and  so  forth 


Rem.  1.  Derivatives  from  sign-words  are  formed  by  the  addition  of  the  formative 
letters  or  syllable  to  the  word-sign ;  thus,  ackd,  acknowledged,  from  ack,  acknowl- 
edge ;  perfd,  perfected,  from  per/,  perfect ; — objs,  objects  ;  objd,  objected ;  objr, 
objector;  objv,  objective,  from  obj,  object  ;—fcte,  interests;  'std,  interested,  from 
'«*,  interest ; — gs,  gives  ;  gr,  giver,  from  g,  give;  -rs,  ours,  from  -r,  our;  oppts,  op- 
portunities, from  oppt,  opportunity ;  govd,  governed,  from  gov,  govern ;  irrgty, 
irregularity,  from  irrg,  irregular ;  vipd,  improved,  from  mp,  improve.  For  conve- 
nience of  reference,  however,  a  number  of  derivatives  are  given  in  the  list 

Rem.  2.  Ever,  when  forming  a  portion  of  a  compound  word,  as  in  whenever,  etc., 
is  usually  represented  by  v  simply.  In  other  cases,  ev  should  be  employed  as  it* 
•ign. 

Rem.  3.  All,  occurring  after  prepositions,  may  be  indicated  by  I  without  the  mark 
of  elision  ;  thus,  tl,  to  all ;  bl,  by  all. 

Rem.  4.  When  the  compositor  is  desired  to  set  "  and  so  forth,"  write  <&8. ;  but 
write  <£<•.  (with  the  period)  for  "  etc." 

Rem.  5.   WW,  as  a  noun  or  principal  verb,  should  be  written  in  full. 

Rem.  6,  The  word-signs  for  longhand,  shorthand,  phonographic,  etc.,  are  given 
for  the  convenience  of  phoneticians.  Other  contractions  may  be  devised  as  they  are 
required.  Phtn  may  be  employed  for  the  word  Phonetician.  General  principles 
of  contraction  will  be  subsequently  explained,  in  accordance  with  which  the  re- 
quired contractions  may  be  made  for  each  special  subject.  Further  suggestions 
will  be  made  in  regard  to  this  in  following  sections. 

Rem.  7.  In  writing  for  persons  familiar  with  the  Second  Style,  the  contractions 
Inclosed  in  curves  in  the  preceding  list  may  be  employed  instead  of  the  longer  ones. 

Rem.  S.  A  considerable  number  of  contractions,  with  which  most  writers  are  al- 
ready familiar,  are  not  given  in  the  preceding  list.  The  writer  must  exercise  his 
discretion  as  to  the  extent  with  which  they  can  bo  employed  without  impairing 
legibility. 

Rem.  9.  The  cases  are  exceedingly  rare  in  which  it  can  not  be  determined,  at  a 
glance,  which  of  the  three  words,  no,  not,  nor,  n  is  intended  to  represent ;  never- 
theless.  those  who  may  wish  to  avoid  this  unimportant  confusion — unimportant,  be- 
rause  however  read,  no  essential  change  can  be  produced  in  the  sentence, — may 
write  nr  for  nor,  ni  for  not,  n  for  no. 


/o 


BRIEF      LONGHAND. 


§  13.    SIGN-WORDS    OF   THE    AUTHOR'S    STYLE    OF    BRIEF    LONGHAND. 

(For  the  use  of  the  Writer.) 

H. 


A. 


or 


about abt 

according-ly  .  crd 
acknowledge.,  ack 
advantage .    .  advg 

after aft 

all  §12, Rem  3-/ 

already -try 

am -»i 

among amg 

an a 

and  ........  a  or  & 

and  so  forth. .  ifs. 

another aoth  orao 

anything  . . .  .nyng 

are r 

as z 

at -t 

B. 

be b 

because be 

become ban 

been b 

before bf 

between btn 

beyond byd 

but bt 

by b 


can c 

character  . . .  chrc 
characteristic  chrcc 

child chd 

children chdn 

circumstance.  °st 
circumstan- 
tial  °stl 


come an 

could cd 

D. 

differ dif 

difference  . . .  difce 

different dift 

difficult-y  ...dfc 

discharge dch 

do d 

done d 

down dwn 

during drg  or  dg 

E. 

each ea 

either ei 

especial-ly . . .  esp 
establish-ed . .  est 
etc.  (et  cetera)Sfc. 

ever ev 

every ey 

extravagan     xv 

extraordinary'© 


following  . . .  .filg 

for /' 

forgive .fg  or  fg 

forward fd 

from .fr 

G. 

God 6? 

give-n g 

general gl 

generally.. .  .gly 

good gd 

govern gov 

government,  .govt 
great grt 


had  . 
has  .. 
have, 
he... 
him  . 


.hd 

.h 

.h 

.h 

.hm 


himself h' 

his s 

however hwv  or  ht 


if 


I. 


.7 

•-/ 


importan      . .  mpt 

improve mp 

in  .   i 

interest <st 

into it 

irregular. . .  .irrg 

is s 

it i 

its  (it  is) is 

itself i« 

K. 

kind kd 

king kg 

know k 

knowledge . . . k 
known k 


longhand . 
Lord 


Jh 
.Ld 


M. 


may., 
me. . . . 
might . 


mt 


SECOND     STYLE. 


21 


more nw 

more  or  less . .  m/J  or  mf 

moreover mr"  or  m" 

much inch  ■ 

must mM 

my m 

N. 
nature    ...t.ntr 

neither net 

never nev 

nevertheless. .  nev1  or  nl 

no n 

not n 

nothing nng 

notwithstand- 
ing   n'c 

nor n 

number nr 

0. 

object obj 

objection  ....  objn 

of v 

on -n 

opportunity  .oppt 

or o 

other oth  or  o 

ought ou 

our -r 

out -t 

P. 

particular  . .  .ptr 

perfect perf 

perfection. . .  .perfn 
phonetic  . . .  .ph 
phonographer/>A  nr 
phonographic  phnc 
phonography./jA/j 
principal  . . .  .pr 
principle  . . .  .pr 


Q. 

query qy 

question  . . . .  Q.  or  qn 
quite q 

R. 

regular reg 

remark rem 

represent ....  rep 
representa- 
tion  repn 

representativerepo 

S. 

said. sd 

several sev 

shall sh 

shorthand  . .  .shh 

should sd 

so s- 

some sm 

something  . . .  smng 

subject sbj 

subjection  . .  .sbjn 


that tt 

the e 

their #»• 

them th 

there. . .    thr 

these the 

they th 

they  are thr 

thing ng 

this ths 

those t h° 

though tho 

thought tht 

through thr 

throughout  ..thrt 
thus ths 


to V.  .t 

together  . . . .  tg 

told tld 

toward td 

truth tr 

truthful trf 

U. 

under u 

understand...  "a* 
understood  . .  "std 

up P 

upon pn 

us u 


very 


.vry or  vy 


W. 


was «j 

we w 

were wr 

what wt 

whatever.  . .  .wtv 

when wn 

whenever.. .  .ivnv 

where r 

wherever ... .rv 

which wh 

whichever  . . .  whv 

while wle 

who w- 

whoever ivev 

whom      (who 

am) wm 

whose      (who 

is) ws 

will I 

with w 

within v£ 

without "t 

would wd 


22 


BRIEF     LONGHAND. 


yet yt 

you y 


your . , 
yours 


•.V 

•9* 


yourself y* 

yourselves . .  .y- 


GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF  CONTRACTION. 

§  14  The  various  contractions  which  have  commonly  been  used  ii 
print,  as  well  as  most  of  the  word-signs  of  Brief  Longhand,  may  be  ar- 
ranged under  six  different  heads  or  principles  : 

1.  One  or  more  of  the  initial  letters  of  a  word,  but  less  than  a  syl- 
lable. This  method  is  frequently  exemplified  in  the  contractions  of 
the  names  of  eras,  societies,  orders,  titles,  cities,  countries :  thus,  AD., 
Anno  Domini;  B.C.,  Before  Christ;  A.  &  F.  B.  S.,  American  and  For- 
eign Bible  Society ;  I.  0.  0.  F.,  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows;  U. 
S.  C.  C,  United  States  Circuit  Court;  M.  C  ,  Member  of  Congress; 
LL.D.,  Doctor  of  Laws;  U.  S.  A..  United  States  of  America;  G.  B., 
Great  Britain ;  N.  Y.,  New  York.  This  principle  frequently  directs  the 
choice  of  word-signs  ;  as,  t  for  to,fr  for  from.  Mo.  for  month,  Ps.  for 
Psalm,  bu.  for  bushel,  Geo.  for  George,  are  instances  of  the  use  of  more 
than  one  initial  letter,  but  less  than  a  syllable. 

2.  The  initial  letter  or  letters  of  one  or  more  syllables,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  the  final  consonant,  or  sounded  vowel,  letter.  This  principle 
is  exemplified  in  the  following  contractions :  Abp. ,  Archbishop ;  dft. , 
defendant ;  plff. ,  plaintiff;  jr. Junior ;  Ky. ,  Kentucky ;  Mr. ,  Mister ;  ct., 
cent;  Wm.,  William;  Jas.,  James;  Chas.,  Charles.  In  a  few  cases  the 
final  letter  of  a  word  of  several  syllables  is  omitted,  as  in  lb  for  libra  (a 
pound),  c/for  confer. 

3.  One  or  more  complete  syllables.  This  method  is  exemplified  in 
the  following  contractions:  Cal.,  California  ;  Jan.,  January;  Alex., 
Alexander ;  Treas. ,  Treasurer. 

4.  One  or  more  complete  syllables  and  the  final  letter  of  a  word. 
The  following  contractions  are  examples  of  this  principle:  Execx., 
Executrix  ;  Exr.,  Executor  ;  Ala  ,  Alabama  ;  Robt.,  Robert. 

5.  One  or  more  syllables,  with  one  or  more  initial  letters  of  a  fol~ 
lowing  syllable.  This  method  is  exemplified  in  the  following  con- 
tractions:  Edw.,  Edward;  Capt.,  Captain;  adj.,  adjective;  adv.,  ad- 
verb. 

6.  One  or  more  syllables,  with  one  or  more  initial  letters  of  one  or 
more  syllables,  with  the  final  letter  of  the  word.  The  following  con 
tractions  are  instances  of  this  mode  of  abbreviation  :  Admr.,  Admiuia 
trator ;  Admx.,  Administratrix;  Atty,  Attorney;  comdg,  comm{»*i 


SECOND     STYLE.  23 

lug  (in  which  case  the  syllable  man  is  entirely  omitted) ;  engd. ,  en- 
graved ;  obt. ,  obedient ;  reed. ,  received. 

Rem.  1.  These  six  methods  of  abbreviation  have  heretofore  been  used  respectively 
in  the  proportions  of  20,  5,  20,  8, 10,  2. 

Rem.  2.  Derivatives  follow  the  method  of  the  primitive  ;  thus,  Xuty.,  Christian* 
tty,  from  Xn.,  Christian  ;  Wpful,  Worshipful,  from  Wp,  Worship  ;  Ldp.,  Lordship, 
from  Ld.,  Lord. 

Rem.  3.  The  writer  must  exercise  judgment  as  to  which  principle  of  abbreviation 
it  is  best  to  follow  in  order  to  secure  legibility.  A  few  general  cases  may  be  speci- 
fied by  way  of  example. — If  Indiana  and  Iowa  are  contracted  to  la.,  in  accordance 
with  Principle  2,  a  confusion  is  created.  This  confusion  actually  occurs,  many  times 
a  year,  in  connection  with  the  P.  O.  Department.  The  difficulty  may  be  avoided  by 
contracting  Indiana  to  Ind.,  in  accordance  with  Principle  3,  and  using  la.  for  I"wa, 
if  by  any  possibility  time  can  not  be  found  to  write  the  name  in  full.  Mr.  G.  P. 
Quackenbos,  in  his  Course  of  Composition  and  Rhetoric,  gives  lo.  as  the  contraction 
for  Iowa;  but  la.  appears  to  be  the  established  abbreviation.  They,  them,  that,  if 
contracted  in  accordance  with  the  same  principle,  would  not  be  distinguishable. 
That  is  therefore  contracted  to  it,  according  to  Principle  2,  while  they  and  them 
(which  can  be  distinguished  very  readily  by  means  of  the  context)  are  contracted, 
under  Principle  1,  to  th.  It  should  be  observed  that  the  most  convenient  contraction 
should  be  employed  for  the  word  of  the  more  frequent  occurrence.  In  determining 
a  contraction  of  a  primitive  word,  reference  must  be  had  to  tlie  convenience  of  form- 
ing the  derivatives  on  the  basis  of  the  contraction. 

Rem.  4.  The  contraction  .Ino.  for  John  seems  to  have  been  arbitrarily  formed  for 
the  purpose  probably  of  distinguishing  short  John  from  long  Jonathan  (Jona.)  ;  but 
John  would  be  more  regular,  and  save  time,  if  he  should  contract  his  name  to  Jn. 

Omission  of  Vowels. 

Rbm.  5.  The  omission  of  vowels,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  is  implied  in  the  six 
principles  of  contraction  ;  but  as  we  are  accustomed  to  read  words  by  their  general 
appearance,  considerable  saving  may  be  effected,  without  materially  impairing  leg- 
ibility, by  omitting  many  vowels,  especially  the  unaccented  ones.  Vowels  may  be 
omitted  with  greatest  safety  in  words  composed  of  several  consonants,  especially 
if  they  are  "  ascenders"  and  "  descenders  ;"  as  in 

benfltd  benefited, 

proprts  properties, 

seendly  secondly, 

actlly  actually, 

evdnt  evident 

certnly  certainly. 

Even  the  accented  vowels  may  be  safely  omitted  in  words  stro  jgly  characterized 
by  their  consonants ;  as  in 

brght  bright. 

Ight  light. 

rght  right. 

dghtr  daughter. 

clcltd  calculated. 

smth  smooth. 

The  vowel  of  «.r-,  at  the  commencement  of  a  word,  may  alw  »ys  be  omitted,  even 
without  the  mark  of  elision ;  thus,  xample  for  example.  The  final  silent  e  may  usu- 
ally be  omitted,  except  generally  when  a  single  lon<r  vowel  letter  in  the  game  syllable 


SW  BEIEE      LOST  G  H  AND  . 

(•recedes  it;  in  which  case  the  silent  e  being  retained,  a  preceding  long  vowel  may 
be  dropped,  even  when  accented  ;  thus,  trifl  for  trifle,  acts  for  active;  but  r/efor 
refuse,  implre  for  implore,  blve  for  believe  It  is  well  to  retain  the  e  at  the  end  of  a 
word  whenever  it  serves  to  modify  the  sound  of  a  consonant  letter;  as  in  glnce, 
(glance),  crge  (courage), 

Rk.m.  6.  Exception*.  Apparent  exceptions  to  the  principles  of  abbreviation  ap- 
pear in  some  of  the  word-signs,  in  consequence  of  the  omission  of  vowels.  Chrco 
for  characteristic  seems  to  be  an  exceptional  contraction  till  the  vowels  are  re- 
stored ;  thus,  characc;  when  it  is  at  once  seen  to  be  an  exemplification  of  Princi- 
ple 4.  Sbjn  (subjn)  is  an  example  of  the  sixth  principle  of  abbreviation  ;  an  i  ao  ia 
mj  exemplification  of  Principle  2. 


$  15.  EXERCISES. 

(1.)  ADVANTAGES  OF  KNOWLEDGE. 

(a)  K,  i  gl,  xpands  e  mind,  xalts  e  faculties,  rfines  e  taste  v  pleas- 
are,  &  opns  innumrbl  sources  v  intellectual  enjoyment.  B  means  v  i, 
w  bem  less  dpndnt  f  stsfction  pn  e  sensitiv  appetites  ;  e  gross  pleasrs  v 
sense  r  mr  easily  despisd,  and  w  r  mde  to  feel  e  superiority  v  e  sprtl  t  o 
mtral  prt  t  -r  ntr.  Instd  v  bng  cntnlly  slicitd  b  e  inflnce,  &  irritation  v 
snsbl  objs,  e  mnd  c  rtre  w1  brslf,  &  xpatiate  i  e  cool  &  qiet  wlks  v  cntm- 
pltn.  (b)  E  poor  man  w-  c  read,  &  w-  possesses  a  taste  f  readng,  c  find 
entrtainmnt  -t  home,  wt  bng  tmptd  t  rpair  t  e  pblc  house  f  tt  prps.  S 
mind  c  find  hm  employmnt,  wn  s  body  s  -t  rst;  h  ds  n  lie  prostrte  & 
afloat  -n  e  current  v  incdnts,  liabl  to  b  carrd  whthrsoevr  e  impls  v  ap- 
ptite  m  drct.  Thr  s,  i  e  mnd  v  sch  a  man,  a  intJlctl  sprng,  urging  hm 
t  e  prst  v  mental  food ;  &  -f  e  mnds  v  s  family,  -Is-,  r  a  littl  cltvtd,  cn- 
vrsatn  bems  e  mr  'stng,  &  e  sphere  v  dmstc  enjoymnt  enlrged. 

(c)  E  calm  stsfctn  wh  books  afford,  puts  hm  it  a  dspstn  t  rlsh  mr 
xqstly  e  trnql  dlght  inseprble  fr  e  indulgnce  v  cnjgl  &  prntl  affctn  :  & 
i  h  1  b  mr  rspctbl  i  e  eyes  v  s  fmly  than  hw-c  teach  th  nng,  h  1  b  ntrly 
induced  to  seek  wtv  m  prsrv,  &  shun  wtv  wd  impair,  tt  rspct.  H  w-  s 
inurd  t  rflctn  1  carry  s  views  byd  e  prsnt  hr ;  h  1  xtnd  s  prspct  a  littl 
it  ftrty,  &  b  dspsd  t  mke  sm  prvisn  f  s  apprchng  wants  ;  wnce  1  rslt  a 
increasd  motiv  t  industry,  tg  w  a  ere  t  hsbnd  s  earnngs  &  t  avoid  un- 
necssry  xpns. 

(d)  E  poor  man  w-  h  gaind  a  tste  f  gd  bks,  1,  i  -1  likelihd,  bem  thtfl  ; 
&  wn  y  h  g  e  poor  a  habt  v  thnkng,  y  h  enfrrd  -n  th  a  mch  grtr  favr 
than  wd  b  e  gft  v  a  lrge  sum  v  money,  snee  y  h  put  th  i  pssessn  v  e  pr 
▼  -1  legitimate  prosprty. — R.  Hall. 

KEY. ADVANTAGES   OF    KNOWLEDGE. 

(a)  Knowledge,  in  general,  expands  the  mind,  exalts  the  faculties, 
refines  the  taste  of  pleasure,  and  opens  innumerable  sources  of  intel- 


SECOND     STYLE.  85 

lectual  enjoyment.  By  means  of  it,  we  become  less  dependent  for  satis- 
faction upon  the  sensitive  appetites;  the  gross  pleasures  of  s«nse  are 
more  easily  despised,  and  we  are  made  to  feel  the  superiority  of  the 
spiritual  to  the  material  part  of  our  nature.  Instead  of  being  continually 
solicited  by  the  influence,  and  irritation  of  sensible  objects,  the  mind  cm 
retire  within  herself,  and  expatiate  in  the  cool  and  quiet  walks  Of  con- 
templation. (/>)  The  poor  man  who  can  read,  and  who  possesses  a  taste 
for  reading,  can  find  entertainment  at  home,  without  being  tempted  to 
repair  to  the  public  house  for  that  purpose.  His  mind  can  find  him  em- 
ployment, when  his  body  is  at  rest ;  he  does  not  lie  prostrate  and  afloat 
on  the  current  of  incidents,  liable  to  be  carried  whithersoever  the  im- 
pulse of  appetite  may  direct.  There  is  in  the  mind  of  such  a  man  an  in- 
tellectual spring,  urging  him  to  the  pursuit  of  mental  food  ;  and  if  the 
minds  of  his  family,  also,  are  a  little  cultivated,  conversation  becomes 
the  more  interesting,  and  the  sphere  of  domestic  enjoyment  enlarged. 

(c)  The  calm  satisfaction  which  books  afford,  puts  him  into  a  disposi- 
tion to  relish  more  exquisitely  the  tranquil  delight  inseparable  from  the 
indulgence  of  conjugal  and  parental  affection ;  and  as  he  will  be  more 
respectable  in  the  eyes  of  his  family  than  he  who  can  teach  them  noth- 
ing, he  will  be  naturally  induced  to  seek  whatever  may  preserve,  and 
shun  whatever  would  impair,  that  respect.  He  who  is  inured  to  reflec- 
tion will  carry  his  views  beyond  the  present  hour ;  ho  will  extend  his 
prospect  a  little  into  futurity,  and  be  disposed  to  make  some  provision 
for  his  approaching  wants ;  whence  will  result  an  increased  motive  to 
industry,  together  with  a  care  to  husband  his  earnings,  and  to  avoid 
unnecessary  expense. 

(«/)  The  poor  man  who  has  gained  a  taste  for  good  books  will,  in  all 
likelihood,  become  thoughtful;  and  when  you  have  given  the  poor  a 
habit  of  thinking,  you  have  conferred  on  them  a  much  greater  favor 
than  by  the  gift  of  a  large  sum  of  money,  since  you  have  put  them  in 
possession  of  the  principle  of  all  legitimate  prosperity. — R  Hall. 

(2.)    DONATELLo's    STATUE    OF    ST.    GEORGE. 

(a)  E  statue  v  St.  Geo.  stood  i  e  artst's  studio  ;  -1  Flrnce  cme  t  Ik  -t 
i ;  -1  xamnd  i  w  crsty ;  -1  admird  i  w  eagrnss ;  -1  prnounced  i  e  mstr- 
piece  v  Dntllo.  E  whole  twn  wr  i  rptrs,  &  lovely  ladies,  z  th  bent  fr 
thr  crrges  t  answr  e  sites  t  e  princes  &  dukes,  instd  v  e  cmmn-plce  friv- 
olities v  fshn,  sd,  "  H  y  seen  e  new  statue  v  Dntllo?" 

(6)  S  thr  a  art  Ike  tt  v  sclptr  ?  Painting  s  a  brllnt  illusn,  a  lrly 
<sheat.  Sclptr,  wle  i  reps  a  rlty,  s  'V  a  rlty.  E  pencl  pours  is  fervid  hues 
pn  prshbl  canvas,  &  th  fde  w  pssng  air  ;  bt  e  chisl  wrks  i  etrnl  marbl— 
♦trikes  -t  a  creatn  z  immrtl  z  e  globe,  &  beautfl  z  e  soul. 

(c)  "  1  tld  th-,  Dntllo,"  sd  Lorenzo,  "  thou  wdst  xcel  -1  th-  rivals." 

2 


20  BRIEF      LONGHAND. 

(rf)  "  Fling  b  th-  chisl  now,"  cried  ao,  "  thou  est  add  nng  t  tt.''  ••  I 
Bh  cease  hereaft  m  dvotn  t  e  antique,"  cried  a  third.  "  E  powr  v  Phid- 
ias," xclmd  one.  "  E  xcutn  v  Praxiteles  !"  sd  ao.  "  Y  1  draw  votaries 
fr  Venus,"  whisprd  a  sft  Itln  girl,  z  she  turnd  hr  mltng  eyes  -n  e  old 
man.  "  E  Apollo  1  hereaft  draw  8  bow  unheedd,"  cried  a  artst,  wm  th 
tht  e  bst  v  s  day. 

(e)  Ag  e  crowds  w-  flockd  t  e  studio  v  Dntllo,  thr  w  a  yth  w-  hd  g 
sm  promis  v  xcllnce.  Mny  sd  tt,  w  intens  study,  h  mt  mke  s  nine  hrd 
byd  e  Alps ;  and  sm  went  s-  far  z  t  hint  tt  i  time  h  mt  tread  else  pn  e 
bsels  v  Dntllo  h8 ;  bt  th  wr  sanguine  men,  &  grt  friends  v  e  yng  mn  : 
bsides,  th  spke  -t  rndm.     Th  clld  ths  stdnt  Mchl  Angelo. 

(f)  H  hd  stood  a  lng  time  rgardng  i  w  fixd  eyes  &  foldd  arms.  H 
wlkd  fr  one  pstn  t  ao,  measrd  i  w  s  keen  glnces  fr  head  t  ft,  rgardd  i  bf, 
bhind,  and  studd  is  prfl  fr  vars  points.  E  venrbl  Dntllo  saw  hm,  & 
awaitd  s  lng  &  absorbd  xamntn  w  e  flttrd  pride  v  a  artst,  &  e  affctnte 
indlgnce  v  a  fthr.  -T  length  Mchl  Anglo  stoppd  once  mr  bf  i,  inhaled 
a  lng  brth,  &  brke  e  prfnd  silence.  "  I  wnts  only  one  ng,"  mttrd  e  gftd 
boy. 

(g)  "  Tell  m,"  cried  e  successfl  artst,  "  wt  i  wnts.  Ths  s  e  frst  cen- 
sure wh  m  St.  Geo.  h  elictd.  C  I  mp  PCI  altr  i  ?  S  i  e  clay  o  e 
marbl  ?     Til  m."     Bt  e  crtc  hd  dsappeard. 

(A)  Dntllo  knew  e  mghty  genius  v  Mchl  Anglo.  H  hd  bheld  e  flashs 
v  e  sacrd  fire,  &  wtchd  e  dvlpmnt  v  e  "  god  w'  hm." 

(i)  "  Diablo  !"  cried  e  old  mn,  "  Mchl  Anglo  gone  t  Rome,  &  n  a  wrd 
v  advice  abt  m  statue  !  E  scapegrace  !  bt  I  sh  see  hm  agn,  o,  b  e  mass, 
1 1  fllw  hm  t  e  Etrnl  Cty.  S  opnn  s  wrth  tt  v  -1  e  wrld  !  •  bt  one  ng !' " 
H  lookd  -t  i  agn — h  listnd  t  e  murmurs  v  applause  wh  i  drew  fr  -1  w- 
bhld — a  pled  smile  sttld  -n  s  face ;  "  bt  one  ng  !  wt  c  i  b  ?" 

(j)  Years  rolld  -n.  Mchl  Anglo  rmaind  -t  Rome,  o  mde  xcursns  t  oth 
places,  bt  hd  n  yt  rtrnd  t  Flrnce.  Rv  h  hd  b  men  rgrdd  hm  z  a  comet 
— smng  fiery,  trrbl,  trmnds,  sblime.  S  fme  sprd  ovr  e  gibe ;  wt  s  chisl 
tchd  i  hallwd,  H  sprnd  e  dull  clay,  &  struck  s  vast  &  intnsly  brllnt 
encptns  -t  once  fr  e  marbl.  Mchl  Anglo  w  a  nme  t  wrshp — a  spell  v  e 
arts — a  hour  t  Italy — t  e  wrld.  Wt  h  praised,  lived,  wt  h  endmnd 
prshd. 

(J>)  Z  Dntllo  grew  oldr,  s  anxty  grew  mr  intns  t  k  wt  e  inspird  eyes 
v  e  wndrfl  artst  hd  dtctd  i  s  grt  statue. 

(/)  -T  lngth  e  inimrtl  Florntine  trnd  s  eyes  t  s  natv  rpblc,  &,  z  h 
reachd  e  hill  wh  rises  -n  e  side  v  Porta  Romano,  h  bhld  e  mgnfent  & 
glrs  dome  shinng  i  e  soft  gldn  radnce  v  e  setting  sun,  w  e  broad-toppd 
tower  v  e  Palato  Vecchio  lftd  i  e  yllw  lght,  even  z  -t  ths  day  i  stnds. 

(m)  Ah,  Death !  c  n  wrth  ward  th-  off?  Mst  e  inspird  artst's  eyes  \> 
dimmed,  s  hand  motnless,  s  heart  still,  &  s  invntv  brain  z  dull  z  e  clay 


SECOND      STYLE.  27 

h  models  ?  Yes  !  Dntllo  lies  strtchd  -n  s  last  couch,  &  e  lght  v  life  * 
pssng  fr  s  eyes ;  yt,  eveu  i  tt  awfl  hr,  s  this  run  -n  e  wshs  v  s  past  yrs, 
&  h  sent  f  e  Flrntn  artst.     S  frnd  cme  instntly. 

(n)  "  I  -m  xhstd,  Mchl;  m  chisl  s  idl,  m  visn  s  feebl;  bt  I  feel  th- 
hand,  m  nobl  boy,  &  I  hear  th-  kd  breast  sob.  I  glory  i  tli-  mown ;  I 
prdctd  i ;  &  I  bless  m  Crtr  tt  I  h  livd  t  see  i ;  bt  bf  I  sink  it  e  tomb,  I 
chrge  th-  -n  th-  frndshp,  -n  th-  rlgn,  answr  m  qn  truly." 

(o)  "  Z  I  -m  a  man,  1 1."  "  Then  tell  m,  wt  eqvctn,  wtism  St.  Geo 
wnts."     "  E  gft  v  spch"  w  e  rply. 

( p)  A  gleam  v  sunshine  fell  across  e  old  man's  fee.  E  smile  lngrd  n 
s  lips  Ing  aft  h  lay  cold  z  e  marbl  -n  wh  h  hd  s-  oftn  stampd  e  encptna 
v  s  genius. 

(q)  E  statue  rmains  e  admiratn  v  pstrty,  &  adorns  e  xtrr  v  St.  Mchl'a 
Chrch. — Anon. 

KEY. DONATELLO'S  STATUE  OF  ST.  GEORGE. 

(a)  The  statue  of  St.  George  stood  in  the  artist's  studio  ;  all  Florence 
came  to  look  at  it ;  all  examined  it  with  curiosity ;  all  admired  it  with 
eagerness  ;  all  pronounced  it  the  masterpiece  of  Donatello.  The  whole 
town  were  in  raptures,  and  lovely  ladies,  as  they  bent  from  their  car- 
riages to  answer  the  salutes  of  the  princes  and  dukes,  instead  of  the 
commonplace  frivolities  of  fashion,  said,  "  Have  you  seen  the  new  sta- 
tue of  Donatello  ?" 

(6)  Is  there  an  art  like  that  of  sculpture  ?  Painting  is  a  brilliant 
illusion,  a  lovely  cheat.  Sculpture,  while  it  represents  a  reality,  is  it- 
self a  reality.  The  pencil  pours  its  fervid  hues  upon  perishable  canvas, 
and  they  fade  with  passing  air ;  but  the  chisel  works  in  eternal  marble 
— strikes  out  a  creation  as  immortal  as  the  globe,  and  beautiful  as  the 
soul. 

(c)  "  I  told  thee,  Donatello,"  said  Lorenzo,  "  thou  wouldst  excel  all 
thy  rivals  " 

(d)  "  Fling  by  thy  chisel  now,"  cried  another,  "  thou  canst  add  noth- 
ing to  that."  "  I  shall  cease  hereafter  my  devotion  to  the  antique," 
cried  a  third.  "  The  power  of  Phidias,"  exclaimed  one.  "  The  execu- 
tion of  Praxiteles !"  said  another.  "  You  will  draw  votaries  from  Ve- 
nus," wnispered  a  soft  Italian  girl,  as  she  turned  her  melting  eyes  on 
the  old  man.  "  The  Apollo  will  hereafter  draw  his  bow  unheeded," 
cried  an  artist,  whom  they  thought  the  best  of  his  day. 

(e)  Among  the  crowds  who  flocked  to  the  studio  of  Donatollo,  there 
was  a  youth  who  had  given  some  promise  of  excellence.  Many  said  that, 
with  intense  study,  he  might  make  his  name  heard  beyond  the  Alps ;  and 
some  went  so  far  as  to  hint  that  in  time  he  might  tread  close  upon  the 
heels  of  Donatello .  himself ;  but  they  were  sanguine  men,  and  great 


2S  BRIEF      LONGHAND. 

friends  of  the  young  man ;  besides,  they  spoke  at  random.    They  called 
this  student  Michael  Angelo. 

(/)  He  had  stood  a  long  time  regarding  it  with  fixed  eyes  and  folded 
*rms.  He  walked  from  one  position  to  another,  measured  it  with  his 
keen  glances  from  head  to  foot,  regarded  it  before,  behind,  and  studied 
its  profile  from  various  points.  The  venerable  Donatello  saw  him,  and 
awaited  his  long  and  absorbed  examination  with  the  flattered  pride  of 
an  artist  and  the  affectionate  indulgence  of  a  father.  At  length  Michael 
Angelo  stopped  once  more  before  it,  inhaled  a  long  breath,  and  broke 
the  profound  silence.  "  It  wants  only  one  thing,"  muttered  the  gifted 
boy. 

(g)  "  Tell  me,"  cried  the  successful  artist,  "  what  it  wants.  This  is 
the  first  censure  which  my  St.  George  has  elicited.  Can  I  improve— can 
I  alter  it  ?  Is  it  the  clay  or  the  marble  ?  Tell  me."  But  the  critic  had 
disappeared. 

(A)  Donatello  knew  the  mighty  genius  of  Michael  Angelo.  He  had 
beheld  the  flashes  of  the  sacred  fire,  and  watched  the  development  of 
the  "  god  within  him." 

(i)  "  Diablo !"  cried  the  old  man,  "  Michael  Angelo  gone  to  Rome,  and 
not  a  word  of  advice  about  my  statue  !  The  scapegrace  !  but  I  shall  see 
him  again,  or,  by  the  mass,  I  will  follow  him  to  the  Eternal  City.  His 
opinion  is  worth  that  of  all  the  world  !  •  but  one  thing  !'  "  He  looked 
at  it  again— he  listened  to  the  murmurs  of  applause  which  it  drew  from 
all  who  beheld  it — a  placid  smile  settled  on  his  face  ;  "  but  one  thing ! 
what  can  it  be  :" 

(j)  Years  rolled  on.  Michael  Angelo  remained  at  Rome,  or  made  ex- 
cursions to  other  places,  but  had  not  yet  returned  to  Florence.  Wherever 
he  had  been,  men  regarded  him  as  a  comet — something  fiery,  terrible, 
tremendous,  sublime.  His  fame  spread  over  the  globe ;  what  his  chisel 
touched  it  hallowed.  He  spurned  the  dull  clay,  and  struck  his  vast  and 
intensely  brilliant  conceptions  at  once  from  the  marble.  Michael  An- 
gelo was  a  name  to  worship — -a  spell  of  the  arts — an  honor  to  Italy — to 
the  world.     What  he  praised,  lived,  what  he  condemned,  perished. 

(k)  As  Donatello  grew  older,  his  anxiety  grew  more  intense  to  know 
what  the  inspired  eyes  of  the  wonderful  artist  had  detected  in  his  great 
statue. 

(/)  At  length  the  immortal  Florentine  turned  his  eyes  to  his  native 
republic,  and  as  he  reached  the  hill  which  rises  on  the  side  of  Porta 
Romano,  he  beheld  the  magnificent  and  glorious  dome  shining  in  the 
soft  golden  radiance  of  the  setting  sun.  with  the  broad-topped  tower  of 
the  Palato  Vecchio  lifted  in  the  yellow  light,  even  as  at  this  day  it 
■stands. 

(m)  Ah,  Death !  can  not  worth  ward  thee  off :    Must  the  inspired 


SECOND     STYLE,  2& 

artist's  eyes  be  dimmed,  his  hand  motionless,  his  heart  still,  and  his- 
inventive  brain  as  dull  as  the  clay  he  models  ?  Yes !  Donatello  lie* 
stretched  on  his  last  couch,  and  the  light  of  life  is  passing  from  his  eyes  ; 
yet,  even  in  that  awful  hour,  his  thoughts  run  on  the  wishes  of  his  past 
years,  and  he  sent  for  the  Florentine  artist.     His  friend  came  instantly. 

(n)  "  I  am  exhausted,  Michael ;  my  chisel  is  idle,  my  vision  is  feeble; 
but  I  feel  thy  hand,  my  noble  boy,  and  I  hear  thy  kind  breast  sob.  I 
glory  in  thy  renown  ;  I  predicted  it ;  ard  1  bless  my  Creator  that  I  have 
lived  to  see  it ;  but  before  I  sink  into  ttie  tomb,  I  charge  thee  on  thy 
friendship,  on  thy  religion,  answer  my  question  truly." 

(o)  "  As  I  am  a  man,  I  will."  "  Then  tell  me,  without  equivocation, 
what  it  is  my  St.  George  wants  "     "  The  gift  of  speech,"  was  the  reply. 

(p)  A  gleam  of  sunshine  fell  across  the  old  man's  face.  The  smile 
lingered  on  his  lips  long  after  he  lay  cold  as  the  marble  on  which  he  had 
so  often  stamped  the  conceptions  of  his  genius. 

(q)  The  statue  remains  the  admiration  of  posterity,  and  adorns  the 
exterior  of  St.  Michael's  Church. — Anon 

(3.)    MAN    MADE    FOR    LABOR. 

(a)  Man  s,  b  ntr,  a  actv  bng.  H  s  mde  t  labr.  S  whole  orgnztn,, 
mntl  &  phscl,  s  tt  v  a  hrd-wrkng  bng.  V  s  mntl  powrs  w  h  n  cncptn- 
bt  z  crtn  cpcts  v  intllctl  actn.  S  corprl  faclts  r  cntrvd  f  e  sme  end,  w 
astnshng  vrty  v  adpttn.  W-  c  look  only  -t  e  muscles  v  e  hnd,  &  dbt  tl 
man  w  mde  t  wrk  ?  w-  c  b  cnscious  v  jdgmnt,  mmry,  &  rflctn,  &  dbt  tt 
man  w  mde  t  act  ?  (b)  H  rqrs  rest,  bt  i  s  i  ordr  t  invigrte  hm  f  new 
effrts  :  t  remit  s  xhstd  powrs ;  &,  z  -ft  show  hm,  b  e  vy  ntr  v  rest,  tt 
i  s  means  n  end,  tt  form  v  rest  wh  s  mst  essntl  &  mst  gratefl,  sleep,  s 
attendd  w  e  tmprry  sspnsn  v  e  cnscious  &  actv  powrs  :  a  imge  v  dth. 

(c)  Ntr  s  s-  ordrd,  z  bth  t  rqr  &  encrge  man  t  wrk.  H  s  crtd  w  wnts 
wh  c  n  b  stsfd  wt  lbr.  E  plant  sprngs  p  &  grows  -n  e  spot  r  e  seed  w 
last  b  accdnt.  I  s  fed  b  e  moistr  wh  satrtes  e  earth,  o  s  held  sspndd  i  e 
air ;  &  i  brngs  w  i  a  sffent  cvrng  t  prtct  is  dlcte  intrnl  strctr.  I  toils  n,. 
nei  dth  i  spin,  f  clthng  o  food.  Bt  man  s  s-  crtd,  tt  let  s  wnts  b  z  smpi 
%  th  1,  h  mst  lbr  t  spply  th. — Everett 

KEY.— MAN    MADE    FOR    LABOR. 

(a)  Man  is,  by  nature,  an  active  being.  He  is  made  to  labor.  His 
whole  organization,  mental  and  physical,  is  that  of  a  hard-working 
being.  Of  his  mental  powers  we  have  no  conception,  but  as  certain 
capacities  of  intellectual  action.  His  corporeal  faculties  are  contrived 
for  the  same  end,  with  astonishing  variety  of  adaptation.  Who  can  look 
only  at  the  muscles  of  the  hand,  and  doubt  that  man  was  made  to  work  ? 
who  can  be  conscious  of  judgment,  memory,  and  reflection,  and  doubt* 


30  BRIEF     LONGHAND. 

that  man  was  made  to  act  ?  (b)  He  requires  rest,  but  it  is  in  order  to 
invigorate  him  for  new  efforts :  to  recruit  his  exhausted  powers ;  and, 
as  if  to  show  him,  by  the  very  nature  of  rest,  that  it  is  means  not  end, 
that  form  of  rest  which  is  most  essential  and  most  grateful,  sleep,  ia 
attended  with  the  temporary  suspension  of  the  conscious  and  active 
powers  :  an  image  of  death. 

(c)  Nature  is  so  ordered,  as  both  to  require  and  encourage  man  to 
work.  He  is  created  with  wants  which  can  not  be  satisfied  without 
labor.  The  plant  springs  up  and  grows  on  the  spot  where  the  seed  was 
cast  by  accident.  It  is  fed  by  the  moisture  which  saturates  the  earth, 
or  is  held  suspended  in  the  air ;  and  it  brings  with  it  a  sufficient  cover* 
ing  to  protect  its  delicate  internal  structure.  It  toils  not,  neither  doth 
it  spin,  for  clothing  or  food.  But  man  is  so  created,  that  let  his  wanta 
be  as  simple  as  they  will,  he  must  labor  to  supply  them. — Everett. 

(4.)    THE    FORTITUDE    OF   WOMAN    UNDER    REVERSES    OF    FORTUNE. 

(a)  I  h  oftn  hd  occsn  t  rmrk  e  frttde  w  wh  wmen  sstn  e  mst  ovrwhlm- 
ing  rvrss  v  frtn.  Th°  dsstrs  wh  break  dwn  e  sprt  v  a  man,  &  prstrte 
hm  i  e  dust,  seem  t  ell  frth  -1  e  enrgs  v  e  sftr  sex,  &  g  sch  intrpdty  & 
*lvtn  t  thr  chrc  tt  -t  times  i  apprchs  t  sblmty.  (b)  Nng  c  b  mr  tchng 
than  t  bhold  a  sft  &  tendr  fmle,  w-  hd  b  -1  wknss  &  dpndnce,  &  alve  t 
«y  trvl  rghnss,  wle  treadng  i  e  prsprs  pths  v  lfe,  sddnly  risng  i  mntl 
force  t  b  e  cmfrtr  &  spprtr  v  hr  hsbnd  u  msfrtn,  &  abidng,  w  unshrnkng 
frmnss,  e  mst  bttr  blsts  v  advrsty.  Z  e  vine  wh  h  Ing  twined  is  grace- 
ful foliage  abt  e  oak,  &  b  lftd  b  i  it  sunshine,  1,  wn  e  hrdy  plant  s  riftd 
b  e  thndrblt,  cling  rnd  i  wcressngtndrls,  &  bnd  p  is  shttrd  bghs  ;  s-  a 
i  btflly  ordrd  b  Prvdnce,  tt  wmn,  w-  s  e  mere  depndnt  (?)  &  ornmnt  v 
man  i  s  happr  hrs,  sd  b  s  stay  &  solce  wn  smttn  w  sddn  clmty :  wndng 
hrslf  it  e  ruggd  rcsses  v  s  ntr,  tndrly  spprtng  e  droopng  head,  &  bndng 
p  e  brkn  hrt. — Irving. 

K.EY. — THE    FORTITUDE    OF   WOMAN    UNDER    REVERSES    OF    FORTUNE. 

(a)  I  have  often  had  occasion  to  remark  the  fortitude  with  whicb 
women  sustain  the  most  overwhelming  reverses  of  fortune.  The  dis- 
tresses which  break  down  the  spirit  of  a  man  and  prostrate  him  in  the 
dust,  seem  to  call  forth  all  the  energies  of  the  softer  sex,  and  give  such 
intrepidity  and  elevation  to  their  character  that  at  times  it  approaches 
to  sublimity.  (6)  Nothing  can  be  more  touching  than  to  behold  a  soft 
and  tender  female,  who  had  been  all  weakness  and  dependence,  and 
alive  to  every  trivial  roughness,  while  treading  in  the  prosperous  paths 
of  life,  suddenly  rising  in  mental  force  to  be  the  comforter  and  supporter 
of  her  husband  under  misfortune,  and  abiding,  with  unshrinking  firm- 
ness, the  most  bitter  blasts  of  adversity      As  the  vine  which  has  long 


SECOND     STYLE.  31 

twined  its  graceful  foliage  about  the  oak,  and  been  lifted  by  it  into  sun- 
shine, will,  when  the  hardy  plant  is  rifted  by  the  thunderbolt,  cling 
round  it  with  caressing  tendrils,  and  bind  up  its  shattered  boughs;  so  is 
it  beautifully  ordered  by  Providence,  that  woman,  who  is  the  mere  de- 
pendent (?)  and  ornament  of  man  in  his  happier  hours,  should  be  his 
stay  and  solace  when  smitten  with  sudden  calamity ;  winding  herself 
into  the  rugged  recesses  of  his  nature,  tenderly  supporting  the  drooping 
head,  and  binding  up  the  broken  heart. — Irving. 


PREFIXES   AND   AFFIXES. 

§  16.  In  the  Second  Style  of  Brief  Longhand,  the  labor  of  writing  is 
materially  lessened  by  employing  contractions  for  the  principal  pre- 
fixes and  affixes.  These  contractions  are  written  above  the  line  of 
writing.  This  is  indicated,  in  the  following  tables,  by  printing  the  con- 
tractions with  "  superiors,"  or  elevated  letters,  beside  the  letters  '  b' 
and  '  d.'  Whenever  convenient,  the  prefixes  should  be  joined  to  the 
remainder  of  the  word.  The  affixes  must  always  be  joined,  unless  the 
contrary  is  distinctly  stated. 

§     17.       LIST     OF      PREFIX-SIGNS. 

{For  the  use  of  the  Reader.) 

*b after  :  atht,  after-thought ;  awh,  after  which. 

*bb above  :  abmentioned,  above-mentioned. 

•"b accom  :  arodate  ;  arpany,  accompany. 

aeb ante  :  aecedent,  antecedent;  aedate,  antedate. 

aib  .......  anti :  aidote,  antidote  ;  aixt,  Antichrist. 

"b  or  bb  . .  before  :  bhand,  beforehand ;  btime,  beforetime. 

«ab contra  :  CKdict,  contradict. 

*b com-m,  con-n  :  cit,  commit    cfort,  comfort ;  cdense,  condense 

cect,  connect. 
emb  or  °b . .  circum  :  cmvent  or  °vent,  circumvent. 

C1b counter  :  "balance,  counterbalance. 

db dis  :  dagree,  disagree. 

dcb discom,  discon  :  dcpose,  discompose ;  dcect,  disconnect. 

deb disem,  disen  :  dlbark,  disembark ;  dechant,  disenchant. 

dib disinter,  disin  :  disted,  disinterested  ;  dlfect,  disinfect. 

Kb enter  :  etain,  entertain  ;  ^rise,  enterprise. 

•°b encum,  encom  :  "brance,  encumbrance ;  eopass,  encompass. 

fb fore,  for  :  f tell,  foretell ;  fbid,  forbid. 

ub here  :  hw,  herewith  ;  hi,  herein  ;  ''tf,  heretofore. 


32  BRIEF     LONGHAND. 

"»b hypo  :  l'"thesis,  hypothesis ;  hocrite,  hypocrite 

•"b hyper  :  hrcritic,  hypercritic. 

'b inter,  intro  :  'change,  interchange ;  '(luce,  intioduce. 

,cb incom,incon, incog:  lroded,  incommoded;  ''petent, incompetent; 

'"venient,  inconvenient ;  *nito,  incognito. 

Idb indis :  'posed,  indisposed  ;  '"'tinct,  indistinct. 

mb ..... .  .magna,  magni :  mnimoUs,  magnanimous ;  n'tude,  magnitude 

m»b meta  :  ""'phor,  metaphor ;  ""physics,  metaphysics. 

"'t . .   ...  .miscom,  miscon  :  n,cpute,  miscompute ;  mcduct,  misconduct. 

■b non  :  "existentrnon-existence  ;"age,  nonage. 

ncb nonco    :  ""pliance, non-compliance ;  ""formity,  non-conformity 

°b over  :  "flow,  overflow;  "whelm,  overwhelm  ;  "1,  over  all. 

Pb post :  Ppone,  postpone ;  rpaid,  post-paid. 

p»b para  :  Pagraph,  paragraph  ;  p«llel,  parallel ;  '"site,  parasite. 

P'b. ..... .peri :  P'pbery,  periphery ;  P'patetic,  peripatetic. 

wb preter  :  p  ntrl,  preternatural. 

rb recom,  recon,  recog,  recum :  rend,  recommend ;  'cile,  recon- 
cile ;  'nize,  recognize  ;  rbent,  recumbent, 
•"b. . . .  i .  .retro :  .""spection,  retrospection  ;  r"grade,  retrograde. 

*b self:  'esteem,  self-esteem;  "supporting,  self-supporting. 

•bb  subter  :  el  fuge,  subterfuge. 

*hb short :  "''sighted,  short-sighted. 

•'b semi :  8'monthly,  semi-monthly. 

*  b  or  *b. .  .super  :  "rsede  or  asede,  supersede ;  arr  or  T,  superior 

*b trans  :  'gress,  transgress  ;  'late,  translate. 

ub under :  "go,  undergo ;  "signed,  undersigned. 

xb extra  :  *dition,  extradition  ;  "judicial,  extra-judicial. 

wb with  :  whold,  withhold  ;  wdraw,  withdraw. 

Rem.  1.  Other  prefixes  may  be  contracted  upon  the  principles  of  contraction. 
Bound,  for  instance,  may  be  contracted  to  rdf>,  as  in  riaht,  round-about. 

Rem.  9.  The  prefix-signs  should  not  be  used  for  portions  of  words  which  are  no! 
really  prefixes ;  to  explain  more  particularly,  "  *b"  should  be  used  for  e xtra  in  ea> 
tradition,  because  it  is  in  this  case  a  prefix  ;  but  this  prefix-sign  must  not  be  em- 
ployed in  writing  extract,  in  which  the  prefix  is  ex,  not  extra. 

Rem.  3.  For  distinction's  sake,  a  prefix-sign  may  be  used  instead  of  a  word-i«ign  : 
thus,  «l,  instead  of  tcl,  may  be  written  for  irith  all,  so  that  ice  will  (id)  and  with  all 
(tcl  or  ic-l)  are  more  readily  distinguished.  This  method  occasionally  saves  the 
writing  of  a  mark  of  elision ;  as  in  writing  *t,  instead  of  ic-t.  for  without. 

Rem.  4.  When  the  last  letter  of  a  prefix  is  repeated,  it  may  be  omitted,  if  not  sep- 
arately pronounced ;  thus,  <evt  tor  connect;  'and  for  command  ;  but  'ntrl  for  coi* 
natural. 

Rem.  5.  Circwn.— The  sign  for  circum  should  be  made  round  and  larger  than 
•ft,  the  sign  for  the  prefix  over.  A  still  greater  distinction  is  obtained  by  disjoining 
the  circle,  and  always  joining  the  elevated  »  to  the  following  letter. 

Rem.  6.  Occasionally  initial  syllables  resembling  a  prefix  given  in  this  section  art 


SECOND      STYLE. 


33 


represented  by  its  sign.    To  illustrate,  recum  may  be  represented  by  '  ib,'  the  sigl 
for  rf.com  ;  thus,  *bent,  recumbent ;  and  encoun,  by  '  «b,'  the  sign  for  encum. 

§     18.      LIST     OF 

(For  the  uxe  nf 

abore "bb 

accom ,cb 

after »b 

ante »eb 

anti »'b 

before bbor  brb 

circum °b  or  cmb 

com,  con cb 

contra Mb 

counter c  b 

disco11 db 

m 

disem,  disen deb 

disin,  disinter. dib 

enter eb 

encum ^b 

extra .xb 

for,  fore fb 

here hb 

hyper h,b 

hypo hob 

inco      mcog ■'  b 

indis idb 

inter,  intro 'b 

§   19.    LIST    OF    AFFIX-SIGNS. 

(For  the  use  of  the  Reader.) 

(1 ing :  d-,  doing;   try,  trying;  h-,  having;   b-,  being.     Set 

Rem.  3. 

d° ings  :  d°,  doings  ;  b°,  beings  ;  say°,  sayings.     See  Rem.  3. 

d"    tion,  cian,  sion,  tian=shn  :  mo\  motion  ;  musi\  musician  ;  vi* 

or  vi,  vision.     See  Rem.  6. 

d' -ty  :  enmi',  enmity ;  du',  duty ;  plen',  plenty.     See  Rem  5 

d' ant :  den1,  defiant ;  pleas",  pleasant ;  abunda,  abundant. 

d* ance  :  endurA,  endurance  ;  reli*,  reliance.     See  Rem.  8 

d»  or  day.  .ancy  :  occupy  or  occupH>',  occupancy.     See  Rem.  8. 

dh ble  (bly) :  nob,  noble  (nobly) ;  possib,  possible  (possibly). 


SIGN-PREFIXES. 

the  Writer.) 

magna, 

magni. . 

.."b 

.  .m"b 

n 
miflco 

.  .mcb 

m 

..nb 

nonco11 
m 

ncb 

..°b 

.  .P"b 

..p'b 

..Pb 

preter 

..frb 

n 
recom, 

recog  . . 

..rb 

..I0b 

self.  . . 

..•b 

..8lb 

..s,lb 

subter. 

..8bb 

super . 

..<b 

uncom, 

uncon . . 

..ucb 

under. 

..ub 

with . . 

..wb 

34  BKIEF      LONGHAND. 

d',D blenesj :  nobn,  nobleness ;  feebn,  feebleness. 

dc cle,  cal :  practic,  practical ;  obsta1-,  obstacle. 

dd dom  :  kg1,  kingdom ;  free1,  freedom. 

d" ent :  evide,  evident;  cveni6,  convenient. 

dK ence :  evidE,  evidence ;  reverE,  reverence.     See  Rem.  9 

dE  or  d">'.  .ency  :  emergE  or  emerge>",  emergency.     See  Rem  9. 

f ful :  joyf,  joyful ;  deceitf,  deceitful. 

f " fulness :  joyf",  joyfulness;  deceitf".  deceitfulness 

d1 for-e  :  thrr,  therefore ;  rf,  wherefore.     See  Rem.  10. 

dh head,  hood :  Gh,  Godhead ;  man1',  manhood. 

d1 in  :  r1,  wherein ;  thr1,  therein.     See  §  6. 

dk kind :  mank,  mankind ;  unK,  unkind. 

d1 less  :  art1,  artless;  care1,  careless. 

dln lessness  :  art1",  artlessness  ;  care"1,  carelessness. 

ly  or  d'y. .  .ly :  manfly,  manfully  ;  care"*',  carelessly.     See  Rem.  11. 

dm ment-al :  treat"',  treatment ;  detri"',  detriment-al. 

d  n) -mentality  :  instru  "',  instrumentality.     See  §  20. 

dn ness  :  busi",  business ;  happi",  happiness. 

d" over :  mr°  or  m°,  moreover  ;  run",  run  over.     See  Rem.  3. 

d9 self:  "m",  myself;  -r8,  ourself ;  h9,  himself. 

d3 sive,  some :  eva9,  evasive ;  abus,  abusive ;  irks,  irksome.     Se« 

Rem.  12. 

d9h ship  :  friend*1',  friendship ;  fellow,h,  fellowship. 

d89 selves  :  -rss,  ourselves ;  th8S,  themselves. 

d8v soever :  w'v,  whosoever ;  wnce9V,  whencesoerer. 

dl five :  indica*,  indicative ;  mo',  motive. 

td ted  :  unitd,  united.     See  Rem.  13. 

dw with  :  forthw,  forthwith. 

Rem.  1.  Other  terminations  may  be  contracted  in  accordance  with  the  generai 
principles  of  contraction  previously  explained.  Elevated  ol  may  be  employed  for 
-ology,  -olgical;  elevated  og,  for  -ography,  -ographical ;  and  elevated  os,  for 
-osophy,  •oeophical. 

Rem.  2.  One  affix-sign  may  be  added  to  another,  as  in  writing  no''",  nohlene  «. 

Rem.  3.  The  "superior"  dot  for  ing  may  be  regarded  as  the  dot  of  the  first  letter 
of  the  termination.  The  circle  for  ings  is  distinguished  from  the  "superior"  o  for 
over  by  being  disjoined,  and  being  without  a  joining  stroke  at  the  right-hand 
side. 

Rem.  4.  When  preferred,  ings,  tion,  cian,  sion  may  be  written  respectively  ngt, 
tn,  cm,  sn ;  thus, '  dng,'  doing ; '  dngs,'  dom  »s  ;  •  natn,'  nation  ;  '  physien,'  physician ; 
4  visn,'  vision. 

Rem.  5.  All  the  affix-signs  (except  i-,  d°,  d")  should  be  joined  to  the  preceding 
part  of  the  word,  especially  if  the  writer  employs  the  method  explained  in  §  20. 

Rem.  6.  A  slight  saving  is  effected  by  writing  the  sign  for  tion,  sion,  as  a  grave 
accent  over  a  preceding  i  ;  thus,  ri,  instead  of  vi,  for  vision. 

Rrm.  7.  In  writing,  ty  may  be  denoted  by  a  long  line,  struck,  in  the  direction  of  at 
acute  accent  ('),  from  the  termination  of  the  preceding  letter.    This  line,  for  di» 


SECOND   STYLE 


35 


<inction's  sake,  should  be  made  longer  than  the  ordinary  strokes  joining  an  affix. 
Other  affix-signs  may  be  joined  to  it. 

Rem.  8.  Ant  it  written  with  an  elevated  a  of  the  ordinary  size  ;  it  should  be  madfi 
of  the  same  form,  but  larger,  for  once,  ancy.  In  print,  the  distinction  is  noted  by 
employing  a  small  capital  superior  for  the  larger  a.  If  it  is  feared  that  uncertainty 
■would  result  in  employing  the  same  sign  for  ance  and  ancy,  elevated  ay  may  be 
used  for  the  latter. 

Rem.  9.  Ence  is  distinguished  from  ent  by  employing  for  the  latter  an  elevated  e, 
and  for  the  former  a  variation  of  this  letter,  namely  e  (denoted  in  print  by  a  superior 
small  capital  e).  In  case  it  is  deemed  desirable  to  have  distinct  signs  for  ent  and 
ency,  elevated  ey  may  be  employed  for  the  latter.  No  confusion  results  from  the 
employment  of  a  "  superior"  e  in  the  sign  for  these. 

Rem.  10.  For-e,  instead  of  being  written  by  an  elevated  letter,  may  be  written  on 
the  line,  in  accordance  with  the  principle  mentioned  in  §  6. 

Rem.  11.  The  termination  ly  is  sufficiently  distinct  when  written  thus :    -f 

Rem.  12.  No  confusion  results  from  employing  an  elevated  s  for  three  different 
terminations :  self,  sive,  s<me. 

Rem.  13.  A  slight  saving  is  made  by  writing  ^p  for  the  sign  (td)  of  the  termina- 
tion, ted.  The  connecting  stroke  may  be  omitted  when  not  required  for  joining  a 
following  letter. 

§  20.  Lty,  hty. — (a)  Lty  or  rty,  with  any  vowel  following  the  /  or  r, 
may  be  indicated  by  elevating  and  disjoining  a  preceding  letter — usu- 
ally a  preceding  consonant-letter ;  thus,  pros  P=prosperity ,  princi  ''=prin- 
cipality,  for  n,=formality,  pri  °=priority,  cor  d  or  cordi  a=cordiality 

(b)  An  m  may  be  elevated  and  disjoined  for  mentality  as  well  as  mality. 

(c)  In  printing,  a  space  before  an  affix-letter  serves  to  indicate  that  it 
should  not  be  joined  to  the  preceding  part  of  the  word.    See  §  19,  Rem.  5. 


§     21.      LIST     OF      SIGN-AFFIXES. 

{For  the  use  of  the  Writer.) 


ance    

d* 

See  §  19,  Rem.  8. 

d» 

ancy 

d* 

or  day.    §  19,  Rem.  8. 

ble(bly)... 

db 

..dl>n 

cal    

dc 

cian=shn  . 

.. ri- 

cle  

de 

d<i 

ence 

..dE 

§  19,  Rem.  9. 

,  d« 

or  d«v.    §  19,  Rem.  9. 

ful 

dr. 

.f 
..f« 

§  19,  Rem.  10. 

head 

..dh 

hood 

d>> 

.  di. 

§6. 

logs 

d« 

kind 

di 

less d' 

lessness din 

lty See  §20. 

ly ly  ord'y.    §  19,  Rem.  It 

ment-al d"> 

mentality dm,    §20. 

ness dn 

over do.       19,  Rem.  S. 

rty Sees  20. 

self d*.    §!9,Rem.l2. 

selves d»» 

ship daii 

sion=shn..  ,.d" 

sive ...d*. 

soever d« 

some ds 

ted  td. 

tive d' 

ty d'. 

with d* 


§  19,  Rem.  12. 

§  19,  Rem.  12. 
§  19,  Rem.  18. 

§  19,  Rem.  7. 


36  BKIEF     LONGHAND. 

§  22.  EXERCISES. 

(1.)    THE    NATURE    OF   TRUE    ELOQUENCE. 

Wn  pb  bodies  r  t  b  addrcssd  -n  mmnts  occa's,  wn  grt  'sts  r  -t  stke,  ft 
Btrng  pa's  r  xcitd,  nng  s  vlb  i  spch  farthr  than  i  s  cectd  w  hgh  intllctl  & 
mrl  endwm".  Clear",  force,  &  earnst",  r  e  ql'3  wh  prdce  cvic\  True 
elqE,  indd,  ds  n  csst  i  spch  ;  i  c  n  b  brght  fr  far  :  lbr  &  Ira-  m  toil  f  i, 
bt  th  1  toil  f  i  i  vain :  wrds  &  phrases  m  b  marshld  i  ey  way,  bt  th  c 
n  cpass  i.    I  mst  xist  i  e  man ;  i  e  sbj,  &  i  e  occa\     Affctd  pa\  intns 

expre\  e  pomp  v  dclma' 1  m  aspire  aft  i ;  th  c  n  reach  i.    I  cms,  -f  i 

cms  -t  -1,  Ike  e  -tbrk'  v  a  fntn  fr  e  earth,  o  e  burst-  frth  v  vlcnc  fires,  w 
spntns,  orig,  nal  force.  E  grces  tght  i  e  schls,  e  cstly  orn"18,  &  studd 
ctrivA8  v  spch,  shck  &  rigst  men,  wn  thr  own  Ives,  &  e  fte  v  thr  wves,  thr 
chdn,  &  thr  ctry,  hang  -n  e  dci*  v  e  hr.  Then,  wrds  h  1st  thr  pwr; 
rhtrc  s  vain ;  &  -1  elabrte  ortry  ctmptb.  Even  genius  i8,  then,  feels  rbked 
&  sbdued,  z  i  e  presE  v  hghr  ql'".  Then,  ptrtsm  s  elq*" :  then  >dvo'  s  elqe. 
E  clear  ccep\  -trun*  e  dduc's  v  logic  ;  e  hgh  prps,  e  frm  rslv ;  e  dnt1  sprt, 
speak-  fr  e  tngue,  beam-  fr  e  eye,  inform-  ey  featr,  urg-  e  whole  man 
-nwd,  rght  -nwd,  t  s  obj — ths,  ths  s  elqE ;  o  rthr  i  s  smng  grtr  &  hghr 
than  -1  elq" :  i  s  ac' :  no1',  sblime,  G-lke  ac\ — Webster 

KEY. — THE    NATURE    OF   TRUE    ELOQUENCE. 

When  public  bodies  are  to  be  addressed  on  momentous  occasions,  when 
great  interests  are  at  stake,  and  strong  passions  are  excited,  nothing  is 
Taluable  in  speech  farther  than  it  is  connected  with  high  intellectual 
and  moral  endowments.  Clearness,  force,  and  earnestness  are  the  qual- 
ities which  produce  conviction.  True  eloquence,  indeed,  does  not  con- 
sist in  speech ;  it  can  not  be  brought  from  far  :  labor  and  learning  may 
toil  for  it,  but  they  will  toil  for  it  in  vain  :  words  and  phrases  may  be 
marshaled  in  every  way,  but  they  can  not  compass  it.  It  must  exist  in 
the  man,  in  the  subject,  and  in  the  occasion.  Affected  passion,  intense 
expression,  the  pomp  of  declamation — all  may  aspire  after  it ;  they  can 
not  reach  it.  It  comes,  if  it  comes  at  all,  like  the  outbreaking  of  a  fount- 
ain from  the  earth,  or  the  bursting  forth  of  volcanic  fires,  with  spon- 
taneous, original,  native  force.  The  graces  taught  in  the  schools,  the 
oostly  ornaments,  and  studied  contrivances  of  speech,  shock  and  disgust 
men,,  when  their  own  lives,  and  the  fate  of  their  wives,  their  children, 
and  their  country  hang  on  the  decision  of  the  hour.  Then,  words  have 
lost  their  power,  rhetoric  is  vain,  and  all  elaborate  oratory  contemptible. 
Even  genius  itself,  then,  feels  rebuked  and  subdued,  as  in  the  presence 
of  higher  quaHties.     Then,  patriotism  is  eloquent :  then  self-devotion  is 


SECOND     STYLE.  37 

eloquent,  The  clear  conception,  outrunning  the  deductions  of  logic  ;  the 
high  purpose  ;  the  firm  resolve ;  the  dauntless  spirit,  speaking  from  the 
tongue,  beaming  from  the  eye,  informing  every  feature,  urging  the 
whole  man  onward,  right  onward,  to  his  object — this,  this  is  eloquence  ; 
or  rather  it  is  something  greater  and  higher  than  all  eloquence :  it  is 
action  :  noble,  sublime,  God-like  action. —  Webster 

(2.)    READING    TO    PURPOSE. 

(a)  E  habt  v  desltry  read-,  wt  aim  o  prps,  furthr  than  mere  excita*  & 
amuse"1,  s  a  cstm  wh  c  n  b  too  strensly  avoidd.  Unsystmtc  mntl  dietetes 
r  z  hurtf  t  e  mind  z  unregltd  eat-  &  drink-  r  t  e  body,  &  1  end  i  g-  t  e 
intllct  a  lght  &  frivls  chrc,  incapb  v  ny  prlngd  o  heavy  xer\  -L  men  w-  h 
attaind  t  ny  real  o  permn*  posix  i  science  o  litrtr,  o  h  b  ab  succssfly  t  grasp 
&  mange  e  impt  qns  v  thr  tme,  h  b  men  w-  h  read  &  studd  w  prps,  &  mde 
-1  e  facts  &  incid"  wh  fell  bnth  thr  notce,  bend  &  sbsrv  thr  dsgns.  (6) 
I  s  a  prvail-  vice  wh  mch  v  e  cheap  jrnlsm  v  e  day  encrges,  t  disspte  e 
mind  -n  a  indfnt  vri'  v  sbjs,  &  waste  is  enrgs  -n  e  tmpla'  v  pet'  &  dectd 
fcts.  W  wd  n  b  "std  z  urg-  pn  ny  man  a  abngax  v  e  prst  v  gl  k,  f  dvox  t 
a  sing  science.  E  mind  rqrs  chnge  &  rlxa\  even  z  e  bdy  ds;  hence  e  use 
v  fic\  poetry,  &  anedte,  i  wh  e  faggd  tht  m  bguile  i3  w  dlghts,  &  rtrn  t 
is  cstmry  &  mr  prosaic  lbrs  w  recreatd  enrgs.  (e)  Ths  s  -1  needf,  &  i 
wd  b  z  silly  z  i  wd  b  use'  f  u  t  attmpt  t  dscrge  o  brand  z  sinf  (z  sm  h  d) 
forms  v  litrtr  wh  unvrsl  hstry  &  xprK  prove  t  b  z  necssry  &  ntrl  t  man 
z  fun  &  frolc  r  t  chdn.  -L  w  wd  prtest  agnst  s  e  sole  dvox  v  e  mind,  i 
leisure  hrs,  t  tt  lght  &;  "ectd  read-  i  wh  s-  mny  peopl  indlge,  t  e  emn* 
detri"1  v  -1  solid  tht,  solid  prps,  &  solid  use. 

(d)  Gl  read-,  m",  s  n  t  b  rdmnd  f  mny  reasns.  E  one-idead  man,  Ike 
e  mthmt*  w-  objd  t  Pardse  Lst  be  i  proved  nng.  s  a  ctnl  source  v  dcfrt  t 
-1  gd  &  genl  society.  Limita"  t  one  range  v  bks,  Ike  rfinem  t  one  lttl  co- 
terie v  simlr  opnns,  assurdly  breeds  narrow"  v  sprt,  xcls",  &  ctmpt  v 
oth  men  &  ngs.  I  s  hrdly  possib  t  meet  a  man  w  catholic  tstes  &  sym- 
pths,  w-  h  n  opnd  s  mind  t  a  free  &  librl  'course  w  -1  parties  &  see's  v 
tr.  Bt  t  mke  sch  wde  'course  profit1',  t  prvent  dtrac%  &  a  weak  &  silly 
latitudinarnsm,  i  s  ncssry  tt  sm  end  &  ultmte  use  sd  -lwavs  b  kpt  bf  e 
mind  i  is  prst  v  k.  (e)  Tt  tht  sd  b  pild  -n  tht,  fct  -n  fct,  till  e  mniry 
bem  Ike  a  storehouse  groan"  bnth  is  wght  v  plnty,  &  tt  -1  ths  mntl  acqsi 
sd  rniain  unused  &  unapproprtd,  s  indd  jstfiab  -n  n  grounds  v  ws4  o 
analogy.  I  wd  b  eqlly  sensb  t  sow  corn  &  leave  i  t  rot  unreapd,  o  t  eat 
&  drnk,  &  apply  e  bdily  strngth  ths  acqrd  t  n  species  v  lbr.  (f)  Yt  tha 
s  wt  w  see  d  ey  day  i  intllct]  surft-  t  n  benefel  prps,  &  f  n  cceivb  end, 
furthr  than  e  mere  dlght  v  e  indlgE,  -lways  end-  i  e  produc"  v  e  sme  un- 
hlthy  plethra  v  mind,  wh  eat-  f  e  ske  v  eat-,  &  drnk-  f  e  ske  v  drnk-, 
prdces  i  e  bdy      Sch  mntl  glttny  ey  wse  man  sd  rpress     I  s  a  evil  wh 


448640 


38  BRIEF     L0NOHA.ND. 

grows  w  indlg",  &  oftn  termntes  i  indue-  a  totl  mocepN  v  e  true  dsgn  v 
mntl  cltr. 

(g)  E  methodiza'  v  one's  read  s  a  point  t  wh  -1  sd  attnd  w-  r  dsirous 
v  elicit*  e  fullst  use  fr  books.  I  anci"  &  modrn  tmes  w  fnd  men  w-  nev 
opnd  a  authr  wt  pen  i  hand,  t  b  ready  t  note  dwn  ny  ptr  fct,  o  turn  v 
xpre%  wh  seemd  t  th  wrthy  v  presrva\  (A)  Southey,  ws  litrry  attn"" 
wr  eql  t  ths  v  ny  man  v  s  day,  kpt  a  con-plce  bk  i  wh  h  mde  xtracts  fr 
wtv  bk  h  prused.  E  eldr  Pliny  nev  tray  Id  wt  cveniE"  f  mk-  mmrnda  fr 
e  bks  h  -lways  carrd  w  hm ;  &  Brutus,  e  nght  bf  e  battl  v  Pharsalia, 
wh  w  t  dcide  s  earthly  destny  f  ev,  w  found  i  s  tent  read-  sm  fvrt  authr, 
&  mk-  notes,  (i)  The  instA",  wh  mt  b  xtndd  t  embrce  sm  v  e  choicst 
nmes  i  bi°s  (biography),  prove  e  use  &  ncess'  thr  s  f  smng  mr  than  e 
mere  cursry  read-  v  bks,  &  e  need  thr  s  f  maintain-  a  recrd  v  -r  litrry 
journy0.  Sch  a  narr',  t  a  atten'  stud",  wd  indd  form  a  diary  v  e  pleas1** 
(pleasantest)  &  mst  prftb  kd,  &  one  wh,  -f  thtfly  &  crefly  'pild,  cd  t 
rfrrd  t  i  futr  yrs  w  e  utmst  dlght,  z  a  rfreshr  t  e  memry,  &  a  testmny 
t  e  xt«  v  s  intllctl  prgre\  (j)  H  1  see  hw  s  tste  h  mpd  i  e  course  v  yrs ; 
h  1  wondr,  -n  rfrr*  t  sm  wrk,  -t  wt  h  hd  notd,  &  wt,  wr  h  read-  i  agn, 
h  wd  n  now  note ;  &  h  1  fnd  proof,  i  a  thsnd  ways,  tt  h  s  n  z  h  w  ;  &  tt 
tme  h  n  brght  a  tithe  v  e  chnge  t  s  bdy  tt  i  h  t  s  soul. 

(A)  E  grt  obstc  t  ths  free  use  v  e  pen  i  'scrib-  fr  bks,  s  e  vast  lbr  i 
involvs.  I  s  -1  vy  well,  sm  m  say,  f  e  stde  w-  h  days  v  quiet  leisure  bf 
hm,  t  wrk  thus,  but  I,  w-  h  only  a  few  hrs  ea  day  f  stdy,  c  n  b  xpetd 
t  dvote  evn  one  hr  t  e  *scrpx  v  e  gems  I  m  tcter  i  m  rsreh.  I  ths  objn,  i 
0  n  b  dnied,  thr  s  mch  wght.  (/)  Here,  then,  w  see  one  v  e  highst  uses 
wh  ph  shh  [o  brf  lh]  s  destnd  t  achieve.  W  h  ey  reasn  t  blieve,  fr  e 
brght  educa'al  prspcts  wh  r  dawn-  pn  u,  tt  e  amt  v  read-  i  e  presnt  day 
s  bt  a  faint  indx  v  wt  i  1  b  i  e  futr.  Hw  dsirb,  then,  i  s  tt  ey  fac  sd  b 
prvidd  f  e  xtracv  v  e  grtst  poSbi1'  gd  fr  ths  vast  intllctl  lbr.  Wn  peopl  r 
abl  t  write  [twice  z  fast  b  brf  lh  z  th  c  b  e  unabbreviatd  lh,  o]  z  fast 
z  th  speak  [z  th  m  b  e  use  v  ph  shh],  ey  apprentice  &  work-  man  1  h  z 
gd  a  oppt  t  keep  s  ?n-plce  bk,  &  Index  Rerum,  z  e  std°  w  e  fullst  leisure ; 
&  thr'  regstr  e  best  &  mst  strik-  thts  v  th"  w  win  h  h  mde  acqntnee  & 
th°  fcts  &  incde8  wh,  cm-  bf  hm  i  e  evanesce  forms  v  e  newsppr  it  magzn, 
un1  recrdd  i  ths  mannr,  pass  fr  hm  f  ev.  Sch,  w  blieve,  s  n  daydream, 
bt  a  grt  fct  i  course  v  realiza*,  &  one  wh  hndrds  i  Eng  &  Anier  cd,  b  thr 
own  persnl  xprnce,  bear  wit"  t. 

(m)  W  sincerely  dsire  tt  mny  w-  h  e  means  v  °unicat-  impulses  t  th" 
crwds  v  thtfl  &  earnst  yng  men  &  womn  w-  thrng  -r  lectr-  rooms,  -r 
.Athenaeums,  &  Mechnc's  Institu's,  wd  urge  pn  th  e  advgs  wh  wd  accru* 
t  th88,  wr  th  t  dvote  a  few  hrs  daily  t  e  tme-sav  art  v  Phn  [o  brf  lh], 
z  a  means  rb  th  mt  gathr  tg  e  rsults  v  -1  thr  read-,  cltvte  habts  v  attn\ 
&  fix  pn  e  memry  thts,  fcts,  &  fancies,  wh  wd  othwse  prove  fleet-  &  un 


SECOND      STYLE.  39 

ata'' ;  &  i  aft  yrs,  wn  wntd  f  sm  prps  v  illstra\  e  trchrs  mmry  fails  t 
supply  e  ref  wh  u  wser  mange"1  mt  easily  h  b  prsrvd. — Phonetic  Journal. 

•     KEY. READING    TO    PURPOSE. 

(a)  The  habit  of  desultory  reading,  without  aim  or  purpose,  fur  the* 
than  mere  excitation  and  amusement,  is  a  custom  which  can  not  be  too 
strenuously  avoided.  Unsystematic  mental  dietetics  are  as  hurtful  to 
the  mind  as  unregulated  eating  and  drinking  are  to  the  body,  and  will 
end  in  giving  to  the  intellect  a  light  and  frivolous  character,  incapable 
of  any  prolonged  or  heavy  exertion.  All  men  who  have  attained  to  any 
real  or  permanent  position  in  science  or  literature,  or  have  been  able 
successfully  to  grasp  or  manage  the  important  questions  of  their  time, 
have  been  men  who  have  read  and  studied  with  purpose,  and  made  all 
the  facts  and  incidents  which  fell  beneath  their  notice,  bend  and  sub- 
serve their  designs,  (b)  It  is  a  prevailing  vice  which  much  of  the  cheap 
journalism  of  the  day  encourages,  to  dissipate  the  mind  on  an  indefinite 
variety  of  subjects,  and  waste  its  energies  on  the  contemplation  of  petty 
and  disconnected  facts.  We  would  not  be  understood  as  urging  upon 
any  man  an  abnegation  of  the  pursuit  of  general  knowledge,  for  devotion 
to  a  single  science.  The  mind  requires  change  and  relaxation,  even  as 
the  body  does  ;  hence  the  use  of  fiction,  poetry,  and  anecdote,  in  which 
the  fagged  thought  may  beguile  itself  with  delights,  and  return  to  its 
customary  and  more  prosaic  labors  with  recreated  energies,  (c)  This 
is  all  needful,  and  it  would  be  as  silly  as  it  would  be  useless  for  us  to 
attempt  to  discourage  or  brand  as  sinful  (as  some  have  done)  forms  of 
literature  which  universal  history  and  experience  prove  to  be  as  neces- 
sary and  natural  to  man  as  fun  and  frolic  are  to  children.  All  we 
would  protest  against  is  the  sole  devotion  of  the  mind,  in  leisure  hours, 
to  that  light  and  unconnected  reading  in  which  so  many  people  indulge, 
to  the  eminent  detriment  of  all  solid  thought,  solid  purpose,  and  solid 
use. 

(d)  General  reading,  moreover,  is  not  to  be  condemned  for  many 
reasons.  The  one-idead  man.  like  the  mathematician  who  objected  to 
Paradise  Lost  because  it  proved  nothing,  is  a  continual  source  of  dis- 
comfort to  all  good  and  genial  society.  Limitation  to  one  range  of  books, 
like  confinement  to  one  little  coterie  of  similar  opinions,  assuredly  breeds 
narrowness  of  spirit,  exclusiveness,  and  contempt  of  other  men  and  other 
things.  It  is  hardly  possible  to  meet  a  man  with  catholic  tastes  and 
sympathies,  who  has  not  opened  his  mind  to  a  free  and  liberal  inter- 
course with  all  parties  and  sections  of  truth.  But  to  make  such  wide 
intercourse  profitable,  to  prevent  distraction,  and  a  weak  and  silly  lati- 
tudinarianism,  it  is  necessary  that  some  end  and  ultimate  use  should 
always  be  kept  before  the  mind  in  its  pursuit  of  knowledge,     (e)  That 


40  hRIEF      LONGHAND. 

thought  should  be  piled  on  thought,  fact  on  fact,  till  the  memory  be- 
come like  a  storehouse  groaning  beneath  its  weight  of  plenty,  and  that 
all  this  mental  acquisition  should  remain  unused  and  unappropriated, 
is  indeed  justifiable  on  no  grounds  of  wisdom  or  analogy.  It  would  be 
equally  sensible  to  sow  corn  and  leave  it  to  rot  unreaped,  or  to  eat  and 
drink,  and  apply  the  bodily  strength  thus  acquired  to  no  species  of  labor. 
(/)  Yet  this  is  what  we  see  done  every  day  in  intellectual  surfeiting  to 
no  beneficial  purpose,  and  for  no  conceivable  end,  further  than  the  men 
delight  of  the  indulgence,  always  ending  in  the  production  of  the  same 
unhealthy  plethora  of  mind,  which  eating  for  the  sake  of  eating,  and 
drinking  for  the  sake  of  drinking,  produces  in  the  body  Such  mental 
gluttony  every  wise  man  should  repress.  It  is  an  evil  which  grows  with 
indulgence,  and  often  terminates  in  inducing  a  total  misconception  of  the 
true  design  of  mental  culture. 

(g)  The  methodization  of  one's  reading  is  a  point  to  wnich  all  should 
attend  who  are  desirous  of  eliciting  the  fullest  use  from  books.  In  an- 
cient and  modern  times  we  find  men  who  never  opened  an  author  with- 
out pen  in  hand,  to  be  ready  to  note  down  any  particular  fact,  or  turn 
of  expression ,  which  seemed  to  them  worthy  of  preservation,  (h)  Southey , 
whose  literary  attainments  were  equal  to  those  of  any  man  of  his  day, 
kept  a  commonplace-book  in  which  he  made  extracts  from  whatever  bock 
he  perused.  The  elder  Pliny  never  traveled  without  conveniences  for 
making  memoranda  from  the  books  he  always  carried  with  him ;  and 
Brutus,  the  night  before  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  which  was  to  decide 
his  earthly  destiny  forever,  was  found  in  his  tent  reading  some  favorite 
author,  and  making  notes,  (i)  These  instances,  which  might  be  ex- 
tended to  embrace  some  of  the  choicest  names  in  biography,  prove  the 
use  and  necessity  there  is  for  something  more  than  the  mere  cursory 
reading  of  books.,  and  the  need  there  is  for  maintaining  a  record  of  our 
literary  journeyings.  Such  a  narrative,  to  an  attentive  student,  would 
indeed  form  a  diary  of  the  pleasantest  and  most  profitable  kind,  and  one 
which,  if  thoughtfully  and  carefully  compiled,  could  be  referred  to  in 
future  years  with  the  utmost  delight,  as  a  refresher  to  the  memory,  and 
a  testimony  to  the  extent  of  his  intellectual  progression.  ( ;')  He  will 
3ee  how  his  taste  has  improved  in  the  course  of  years ;  he  will  wonder, 
on  referring  to  some  work,  at  what  he  had  noted,  and  what,  were  he 
reading  it  again,  he  would  not  now  note ;  and  he  will  find  proof,  in  a 
thousand  ways,  that  he  is  not  as  he  was.  and  that  time  has  not  brought 
a  tithe  of  the  change  to  bis  body  that  it  has  to  his  soul. 

(k)  The  great  obstacle  to  this  free  use  of  the  pen  in  transcribing  from 
books,  is  the  vast  labor  it  involves.  It  is  all  very  well,  some  may  say, 
for  the  student  who  has  days  of  quiet  leisure  before  him  to  work  thus, 
but  I,  who  have  only  a  few  hours  each  day  for  study,  can  not  be  ex- 


SECOND      STYLE.  41 

pected  to  devote  even  one  hour  to  the  transcription  of  the  genu  I  may 
encounter  in  my  research.  In  this  objection,  it  can  not  be  denied,  there 
is  much  weight.  (/)  Here,  then,  we  see  one  of  the  highest  uses  which 
phonetic  shorthand  [or  brief  longhand]  is  destined  to  achieve.  We  have 
every  reason  to  believe,  from  the  bright  educational  prospects  which  are 
dawning  upon  us,  that  the  amount  of  reading  in  the  present  day  is  but 
a  faiut  index  of  what  it  will  be  in  the  future.  How  desirable,  then,  it  is 
that  every  facility  should  be  provided  for  the  extraction  of  the  greatest 
possible  good  from  this  vast  intellectual  labor.  AVhen  people  are  able 
to  write  [twice  as  fast  by  brief  longhand  as  by  the  unabbreviated 
longhand,  or]  as  fast  as  they  speak  [as  they  may  by  the  use  of 
phonetic  shorthand],  every  apprentice  and  working  man  will  have  as 
good  an  opportunity  to  keep  his  commonplace-book,  and  Index  Rerum, 
as  the  student  with  the  fullest  leisure ;  and  therein  register  the  best  and 
most  striking  thoughts  of  those  with  whom  he  has  made  acquaintance, 
and  those  facts  a-nd  incidents  which,  coming  before  him  in  the  evanes- 
cent forms  of  the  newspaper  and  magazine,  unless  recorded  in  this  man- 
ner, pass  from  him  forever.  Such,  we  believe,  is  no  daydream,  but  a 
great  fact  in  course  of  realization,  and  one  which  hundreds,  in  En- 
gland and  America,  could,  by  their  own  personal  experience,  bear  wit- 
ness to. 

(m)  We  sincerely  desire  that  many  who  have  the  means  of  communi- 
cating impulses  to  those  crowds  of  thoughtful  and  earnest  young  men 
and  women  who  throng  our  lecture-rooms,  our  Athenfeums,  and  Me- 
chanics' Institutions,  would  urge  upon  them  the  advantages  which  would 
accrue  to  themselves,  were  they  to  devote  a  few  hours  daily  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  the  time-saving  art  of  Phonography  [or  brief  longhand], 
as  a  means  whereby  they  might  gather  together  the  results  of  all  their 
reading,  cultivate  habits  of  attention,  and  fix  upon  the  memory  thoughts, 
facts,  and  fancies  which  would  otherwise  prove  fleeting  and  unstable ; 
and  in  after  years,  when  wanted  for  some  purpose  of  illustration,  the 
treacherous  memory  fails  to  supply  the  reference  which  under  wiser 
management  might  easily  have  been  preserved. — Phonetic  Journal. 

(3.)    COMMON-PLACING. 

(u)  E  prctce  v  cn-plac-  h  b  s  oftn  rendd  z  t  h  bcm  well-ngh  unvrsl.  hd 
i  n  b  tt  e  irks"  v  e  cn  lh  'poses  a  -lmst  insuprb  obstc — a  impdm  wh  few  h 
e  endrA  &  patiE  t  "cm.  Mny  a  mpt  fct,  mny  a  gem  v  tht  &  xpre\  mny 
beautf  &  apt  illstra's  h  w  allowd  t  escpe  u  be  v  -r  rpgnnce  t  e  use  v  e 
slow  &  wearis  lh.  Mny  a  readr  h  xprEd,  f  a  tme,  e  plsrs  &  bnfts  v  re- 
view occa'ally,  b  means  v  s  rn-plce  bk,  s  course  v  read-.  E  unvrsl  xpr" 
v  e  ina  b  v  e  nimry  t  rtain,  f  ny  rsdrb  lngth  v  tme,  e  sbst*  v  -r  read-, 
enfrces  pn  e  attn'  v  ey  read-  &  thnk-  person  e  dsirbD  v  cn-plac- ;  bt  rea« 


42  BRIEF     LONGHAND. 

sns  t  tho  kd  d  n  avail  i  favr  v  e  practce  agnst  e  tire*"  t  lh  writ* ;  bt  a 
hope  ri  b  etaind  tt  e  use  v  rn-plac-  1  b  mtrlly  increasd  w  e  use  v  brf  lb 
(wh  sives,  crd  t  e  style  employed,  fr  15  t  20  pr  ct.  v  e  tme  &  lbr  v 
vrit  ),  o  w  e  use  v  ph  sh  (wh  saves  80  pr  ct.  v  e  tme  &.  lbr  rqrd  b  e 
•-nabbrvtd  lh). 

(b)  A  few  rmrks  z  t  e  mode  v  'n-plac-  m  prove  accpt  t  th  wish-  t 
Hvail  th  "  v  is  benfts  : 

(e)  Wn  y  meet  i  y  nwsppr,  mag,  o  oth  wrks  wh  yd  n  xpct  t  prsrv. 
oyng  wh  y  thnk  1  b  usef  f  futr  use,  cpy  i,  i  full  o  i  part,  w  a  suita" 
nead*,  it  y  cn-plce  bk.  I  s  n  ptrly  dsirb  tt  e  xtrcts  sd  b  arrnged,  crd  t 
thr  sbjs,  i  difre  por's  v  y  bk.  E  bettr  mode  s  t  fill  p  e  pages  i  thr  ordr, 
S:  dpnd  pn  a  indx  f  e  clssifica'  v  e  xtrcts.  I  s  uslly  bst  t  dfer  indx-  til 
sev  pages  h  b  filld  w  xcerpts,  wn  one  o  mr  notes  v  ea  xtrct  sd  b  mde  i  e 
indx,  a  cross,  o  prllel  lines,  b-  plced  i  e  margn  v  ea  xtrct  t  dnote  tt  i  h 
b  '•  posted,"  z  i  wr,  o  entrd  i  e  indx. 

(d)  I  s  n  advsb  tt  y  sd  cpy  wtv  y  m  meet  i  bks  wh  y  xpct  t  keep  i  y 
lbrry,  o  wh  wd  be  rdly  accssb.  I  sch  cases  i  s  sufiici8 1  mke  i  e  indx  t  y 
rn-plce  bk  (o  i  a  wrk  espclly  prpard  f  &  Index  Rerum),  a  mere  note,  u 
one  o  mr  heads,  v  e  por^s  t  wh  y  m  wish  t  rfr,  Sch  a  indx  &  "n-plce  bk 
1  b  a  "  leger"  v  tht,  fr  wh,  i  a  few  minutes,  y  c  mke  -t  a  'plte  "  a/c 
err*"  v  y  read-  pn  ny  ptr  sbj  ;  &  e  keep*  v  sch  a  leger,  bsdes  euabl-  y  t 
guard  agnst  mny  "  losses,"  1  secure  a  vy  mpt  "prft,"  b  indue  a  habt 
v  methdiz-,  wh  1  prdce  a  markd  &  bnfel  effect  pn  y  mntl  prcesses  &  pro- 
ducts.— Ed.  Phon.  Int. 

KEY. — COMMON-PLACING. 

(a)  The  practice  of  common-placing  has  been  so  often  recommended 
as  to  have  become  well-nigh  universal,  had  it  not  been  that  the  irk- 
someness  of  the  common  longhand  interposes  an  almost  insuperable 
obstacle — an  impediment  which  few  have  the  endurance  and  patience 
to  overcome.  Many  an  important  fact,  many  a  gem  of  thought  and 
expression,  many  beautiful  and  apt  illustrations  have  been  allowed  to 
escape  us,  because  of  our  repugnance  to  the  use  of  the  slow  and  weari- 
some longhand.  Many  a  reader  has  experienced,  for  a  time,  the  pleas- 
ures and  benefits  of  rev.ewing  occasionally,  by  means  of  his  common- 
place-book, his  course  of  reading.  The  universal  experience  of  the 
inability  of  the  memory  to  retain,  for  any  considerable  length  of  time, 
the  substance  of  our  reading,  enforces  upon  the  attention  of  every  read- 
ing and  thinking  person  the  desirableness  of  common-placing ;  but  rea- 
sons of  this  kind  do  not  avail  in  favor  of  the  practice  against  the  tire- 
someness of  longhand  writing ;  but  a  hope  may  be  entertained  that  the 
use  of  common-placing  will  be  materially  increased  with  the  use  of  brief 
longhand  (which  saves,  according  to  the  style  employed,  from  fifteen  tc 


SECOND     STYLE.  43- 

fifty  per  cent,  of  the  time  and  labor  of  ■writing),  or  with  tne  use  of 
phonetic  shorthand  (which  saves  eighty  per  cent,  of  the  time  and  labor 
required  by  the  unabbreviated  longhand). 

(b)  A  few  remarks  as  to  the  mode  of  common-placing  may  prove  ac- 
ceptable to  those  wishing  to  avail  themselves  of  its  benefits. 

(c)  When  you  meet  in  your  newspaper,  magazine,  or  other  works 
which  you  do  not  expect  to  preserve,  any  thing  which  you  think  will  bo 
useful  for  future  use,  copy  it,  in  full  or  in  part,  with  a  suitable  heading, 
into  your  commonplace-book.  It  is  not  particularly  desirable  that  the 
extracts  should  be  arranged,  according  to  their  subjects,  in  different 
portions  of  your  book.  The  better  mode  is  to  fill  up  the  pages  in  their 
order,  and  depend  upon  an  index  for  the  classification  of  the  extracts. 
It  is  usually  best  to  defer  indexing  till  several  pages  have  been  filled 
with  excerpts,  when  one  or  more  notes  of  each  extract  should  be  made 
in  the  index,  a  cross,  or  parallel  lines,  being  placed  in  the  margin  of 
each  extract  to  denote  that  it  has  been  "  posted,"  as  it  were,  or  entered 
in  the  index. 

(d)  It  is  not  advisable  that  you  should  copy  whatever  you  may  meet 
in  books  which  you  expect  to  keep  in  your  library,  or  which  would  be 
readily  accessible.  In  such  cases,  it  is  sufficient  to  make,  in  the  index 
to  your  commonplace-book  (or  in  a  work  especially  prepared  for  an 
Index  Rerum),  a  mere  note,  under  one  or  more  heads,  of  the  portions 
to  which  you  may  wish  to  refer.  Such  an  index  and  commonplace- 
book  will  be  a"  leger"  of  thought,  from  which,  in  a  few  minutes,  you 
can  make  out  a  complete  "  account  current"  of  your  reading  \ipon  any 
particular  subject ;  and  the  keeping  of  such  a  leger.  besides  enabling 
you  to  guard  against  many  "  losses,"  will  secure  a  very  important 
"  profit,"  by  inducing  a  habit  of  methodizing  which  will  produce  a 
marked  and  beneficial  effect  upon  your  mental  processes  and  products. — 
Ed.  Phon.  Int. 


PHRASE  WRITING. 


§  23.  No  inconsiderable  saving  of  time  may  be  effected  by  the  prac- 
tice of  Phraseography,  that  is,  by  joining  words  (especially  sign- words),, 
when  they  occur  together  in  phrases  or  clauses ;  thus,  ihnb,  it  has  not 
been ;  isntb,  it  is  not  to  be ;  zihb,  as  it  has  been ;  wtcbe,  what  can  b« 
the ;  wnisk,  when  it  is  known. 

Eem.  1.  The  novitiate  writer  should  confine  his  practice  of  phraseography  to  join- 
ing sign- words.  Experience  will  gradually  teach  him  in  what  cases  he  maysaftly 
depart  from  these  limits. 

Eem.  2.  A  number  of  written  words  joined  are  denominated  a  yhraze-sign  or 


44  BRIEF      LONGHAND. 

4>hrnceogram  (fraziogram),  while  the  words  so  represented  are  called  a  signyhr  x*\ 
or  ph  raseograph. 

Eem.  8.  The  legibility  of  a  phrase-sign  will  be  slightly  increased  by  making  the 
-space  between  the  word-signs  of  the  phrase  more  than  between  the  letters  of  a  word 
or  between  the  lettsrs  of  a  word-sign  composed  of  two  or  more  letters;  thus, 
wnisk,  instead  of  wnisk  for  when  it  is  known;  -ftt st b e,  instead  of  -fttstbe,  for 
iftliat  is  to  be  Hie. 

Rem.  4.  Generally  a  letter  preceded  by  an  elision  should  not  be  joined  to  a  pre- 
ceding letter  which  is  ever  followed  by  an  elision;  for,  in  such  cases,  it  could  not 
always  be  determined  to  which  letter  the  elision  belonged.  W-r  might  be  icith  our 
or  who  are ;  though  w  -r  for  with  our  can  not  be  mistaken  for  who  are  when  prop- 
erly written,  w-  r.  The  same  reasons  prohibit,  for  the  most  part,  the  joining  of  a 
letter,  when  followed  by  an  elision,  to  any  following  letter  which  the  mark  of  elision 
sometimes  precedes.  But  w-t,  for  with  out,  is  not  confusible  with  any  thing  else- 
The  mark  of  elision  may  be  omitted  by  elevating  the  w ;  thus,  wt.  The  mark  of 
elision  can  usually  be  omitted  with  safety  from  -r  (our)  and  -I  (all)  when  thev  are 
preceded  by  prepositions;  thus,  vr,  of  our;  vl,  of  all. 


§  24.  EXERCISES 

(1.)    AUTHORSHIP. 

(Fra  lectr  be  Rev.  Thomas  Binney  , 

(a)  -Na  occav  Ike  ths,  &  rsidr-  w-  thr  win  Im  anxs  t  serv,  Ithnki 
propr  t  mke  e  state'",  &t  affirm  and  insst  pne  fct,  ttisq  poss1'  f  one  wsa 
mere  Eng  schlr  t  write  well, — w  force,  puri',  elqE,  &  effct.  Ihe  hghst  idea 
vempt  v  tkrgh  clss0  cltr — ve  immense  &  inclclb  advgs  (e  wnt  vwh, 
i  smrspcts,  nng  c  supply)  ya  full  sehlstc  edca\  I  printd  m  views  -n  tt 
sbj  sm  12  yrs  since,  &  thr  s  nng  iwt  I  then  wrote  whl  see  ny  reasn  ei  t 
modify  o  rtrct.  I  entire  csstncy,  hv,  wth°  views  —  views  xpre"  ve 
deepst  sense  ve  value  &  mpt  v  clssc  lrn* — I  assrt,  &  I  wsh  y,  young  men, 
t  bliev  &  rmmbr  i,  tt  one  w-  ks  nng  bt  s  own  tongue,  m  (-f kikes)  lrn 
t  use  i  w  far  mr  effct  than  tksnds  v  th°d  w-  h  studd  e  lngges,  &  read  e 
mastrs  k  modls  v  antq'.  (6)  Thrwatme  wn  Eng  hdnmchva  litrtr 
v  is  own,  &  dd  n  sffcntly  value  wt  i  hd ;  then,  partly  fre  fashn  ve  age,  & 
partly  fre  ncss'"  ve  case,  evn  ladies,  -fth  read,  o  read  mch,  hdt  read 
Latn  o  Grk,  f  thus  only  cd  grt  &gd  authrs  b  reachd.  Ths  reasn,  hv, 
ds  n  hold  nw ;  wtv  mt  b  e  bnft  t  Eng  ladies  vthr  lrn-  e  ance  tongues,  i 
crtnly  s  n  ncssry  f  th  t  d  s-  fre  meagr"  vthr  own  litrtr — e  wnt  v  thrgh 
gd  bks.  like  mnnr,  thr  w  a  tme  wn,  -fa  man  w  t  write  well,  iw  lcbent 
pn  hm  t  study  e  grt  writers  v  Greece  &  Rome — tho  evn  then,  h  cd  n  d 
mch  iEnglsh  bydwt  English  wrtrs  hddbfhm;  fnman  cbvyfarbydo 
style  &  fshn  vstme.  (c)  Wlee  lrnd  wr  writ*  feaothi  Latn,  Englsh  W 
grdlly  advanc-  pn  th.  Iw  get"  moldd,  mpd,  purfied,  enrchd.  Age  aft 
age  saw  i  dvlp ;  ev  &  an  a  smngw  achievd ;  i  kept  grow  i  strngth,  statr, 


SECOND      STYLE.  45' 

■"pass,  refine"1 ;  i  rgot  sm  wrds — i  lrnd  oths ;  i  got  thrghly  formd,  fxd, — 
prfd  ;  acqrd  full"  v  tone,  vr'  v  cadnce,  force  v  chrc ;  s-  tt  nw  wh  bks  il 
poss1'  styles  v  writ-,  t whey  Englsh  readr  h  access,  &be  study  vwhny 
one  mb  'ciplnd  iEnglis  authr9'1.  Hwl  put  hs  uthe  mastrs,  &d  justce- 
tthr  lssns  &thr  xmpl,  m  acqr  pwr  "s  own  tongue,  ab  t  embdy  &adorn  s 
thts,  ta  xte  far  fir  twtM  1  possess  w-  h  enjoyd  e  advgs  va  lrnd  educa\ 
-fth  h  n  gone  Sfd  Ikewise.  Wtvmbaman's  acqnt*  wo  litrtr  &o  lngges, 
tb  attrac'  &  clss''  zaEnglsh  writr,  h  mst  study  Englsh ;  &Eng  s  nw  s-  rch 
ith"  w-  h  used,  ow-  use  hr  tongue,  tt  hw-  ks  only  tt,  h  ampl  means  f  lrn- 
e-  t  speak  ii,  tte  wrld  sh  listn, — prvidd  -lways  tthhsmngtsay 

(d)  '•  Prvidd  tthhsmngtsay;"  v  course.  W  assume  tt.  -Fa  man  h 
n  smng  t  say,  hsd  hold  s  tongue,  &crtnly  hsd  rfrain  fr  authr81'.  Bt 
[  wish  y  t  "stand  tt  evn  wn  a  man  h  smng  tsay,  e  listn*  In  follow,  on  -1- 
ways,  un1  thr  b  smng  -Is-  is  mode  v  say  i.  Tt  thr  m  b  ths  h  mst  wrk 
&toil— toil  &wrk.  Hmst  mke  i  aobj.  H  mst  lbr  pn  style.  Hmstghrs, 
&days,  &nghts,  ttt.  S  style  mstbs  own,  &imstbntrl  &smpl;  bt  tbs 
own  i mst b formd  be  study  vo  men's;  &tb  smple  &ntrl,  imstbgrdlly 
arrivd  -t  b Ing  dvoN  t  'posiv  za  art.  Ths  one  ng — e  ncss'  f  lbr — f  lbr  vths 
sort  &  -nthsobj — ttse  one  lesn  whl  brngty,  yng  men,  tnght.  -Fy 
wish  t succeed  ze  writers  v  prize  essays,  oze  writrs  vnyng  else,  pondr  e 
Issn  &  prft  bi. 

(e)  Isvmrmptty  than  tth"  w-  rceiv  a  hghr  educa\  w-  whthr  th  aim 
-t  &thnkvi  on,  en  hip  acqr-,  wle  lrn*  oth  tongues,  smng  v  pwr  &  skill 
z  t  thr  own.  I  acqr-  e  k  v  Ltn  &Grk,  th  cm  it  'tact  we  mastrs  v e  wrld, 
— w  e  men  ws  writ°  r  ,!tng  b  ey  attrbte,  &  inclde  ey  species  v  xcllE, — w-  h 
supplied  modls  ieydprt"1,  &  left  bhind  th  lssns  fltme.  Stdnts  r  tght, 
agothngs,  t  notce  pcu">  v  style  &xpre* ;  th  mb  rqrd  twrite  -t  cref  "la's  v 
choice  passges — &  -fth  h  nyng  v  sprt  &  enthssm,  th  1  d  ths  whthr  ib  pos"? 
rqrd  on.  -L  alng  z  the  clss0  schlrs  grow  p  it  men,  th  ncssrly  bem  acqntd 
we  bst  writrs  ie  Eng  langge  Th  c  n  avoid  read-  a  grt  deal.  Th  mst  d  s- 
t  acqr  e  k  wh,  z  gent  thr  xpetd  t  possess.  Bt  i  read-  evn  wths  view, 
thenb  insensib  te  chrcc  pculs  v  -r  dif  writrs.  Thr  educa"  &habts  enab 
th  t  "stnd  thr  xcllKS  &thr  dfcts ;  th  c  'pare  th  we  wrks  v  e  grt  authrs 
t  wm  thr  daily  studies  'dee  th  ;  th  read  &  hear  (1cu's  v  vrs  sorts,  -n  eyng 
cectd  w  writ-  za  art ;  and  hnce  fre  ncss'  ve  cse — wt  thr  h-  lbrd  -t  Englsh 
••posi,  o  mde  e  attnm  v  a  Englsh  style  eobj  v  spefc  &  patie  prst— s-ih 
men  hrdly  hip  lr  skill  &  pwr  wn  th  cm  twrite.  (/)  B  ncssry  rsq\  tste 
h  b  formd,  a  sprt  imbibd,  a  inflE  fit,  a  k  v,  &pwr°,  wrds  acqrd ;  -le  elems 
T-  gd  writ-  r  thus  genrtd  &  dvlpd  zbantrl  grwth,  w  urscs  spontn',  s- 
tt  wne  tme  cms  f  smng  t  b  writtn,  i  c  b  writtn  &writtn  wed.  I  s  vy  dif,  hv. 
w.y,  w-  r  nsbjd  tths  mntl  dcpln,  &w-  mstdfy98,  be  stu  iy  v  writrs  iy 
own  lngge,  wt  iagrtdgree  sdfaman,  ws  thrghly  drilld  i  clss"  schlr81' 
True,  hv,  twtlh  -lry  sd,  I  adhere  tm  formr  state'",  i  spite  vlttlhnv* 


46  BRIEF     LONGHAND. 

advncd ;  &Ibeg  t  rpeat  i'  ao  form.  Let  ib  "std,  then,  tt  mny  clss"  sohlrt 
wdbnnge  worse,  bt  smng  vymche  trry,  fsm  tolrbly  lng  &lborious 
study  vrown  writrs,  wa  spcfc  view  tthr  writ-  English — thr  purpst 
attn  va  thrghly  gd  Englsh  style.  I  bliev,  m",  tt  none  vr  grt  &.  tng 
men,  w-  dazzl  o  chrm,  soothe  o  captvte,  be  pwr,  splndr,  o  grces  vthr 
die' — none  v  th  wd  ev  h  writtn  zthd,  -fthhdb  cte  wwtthednhelp — 
wt  w  forcd  it,  o  cme  tth,  ze  unavoidb  rsult  vthr  train-  &educa\  Dpnd 
pni,  wtve  lrn-  vrgrt  authrs,  thbeme  grt,  z  Englsh  writrs,  b  stdy 
&toil ;  b  mak"  e  style  i  wh  th  wr  t  write,  e  obj  -t  once  v  effrt  &ambi* ;  g* 
— till  th  attaind  smng  Ike  wt  th  sought,  o  found  -t  wt  th  cd  d — thr  days 
&nghts  te  lbr  &e  luxry.     T  sch  men  i  wd  b  both. 

KET. AUTHORSHIP. 

{From  a  lecture  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Binney.) 
(a)  On  an  occasion  like  this,  and  considering  who  they  are  whom  1 
am  anxious  to  serve,  I  think  it  proper  to  make  the  statement,  and  to 
affirm  and  insist  upon  the  fact,  that  it  is  quite  possible  for  one  who  is  a 
mere  English  scholar  to  write  well, — with  force,  purity,  eloquence,  and 
effect.  I  have  the  highest  idea  of  the  importance  of  thorough  classical 
culture — of  the  immense  and  incalculable  advantages  (the  want  of 
which,  in  some  respects,  nothing  can  supply)  of  a  full  scholastic  and 
university  education.  I  printed  my  views  on  that  subject  some  twelve 
years  since,  and  there  is  nothing  in  what  I  then  wrote  which  I  see  any 
reason  either  to  modify  or  retract.  In  entire  consistency,  however,  with 
those  views — views  expressive  of  the  deepest  sense  of  the  value  and  im- 
portance of  classical  learning — I  assert,  and  I  wish  you  young  men  to 
believe  and  remember  it,  that  one  who  knows  nothing  but  his  own 
tongue,  may  (if  he  likes)  learn  to  use  it  with  far  more  effect  than  thou- 
sands of  those  do  who  have  studied  the  languages,  and  read  the  masters 
and  models  of  antiquity.  (6)  There  was  a  time  when  England  had  not 
much  of  a  literature  of  its  own,  and  did  not  sufficiently  value  what  it 
had ;  then,  partly  from  the  fashion  of  the  age,  and  partly  from  the  ne- 
cessities of  the  case,  even  ladies,  if  they  read,  or  read  much,  had  to 
read  Latin  and  Greek,  for  thus  only  could  great  and  good  authors  be 
reached.  This  reason,  however,  does  not  hold  now ;  whatever  might  be 
the  benefit  to  English  ladies  of  their  learning  the  ancient  tongues,  ii 
certainly  is  not  necessary  for  them  to  do  so  from  the  meagerness  of  their 
own  literature — the  want  of  thorough  good  books.  In  like  manner, 
there  was  a  time  when,  if  a  man  was  to  write  well,  it  was  incumbent 
upon  him  to  study  the  great  writers  of  Greece  and  Rome — though 
even  then,  he  could  not  do  mud  in  English  beyond  what  English 
writers  had  done  before  him;  for  no  man  can  be  very  far  beyond 
.the  style  and  fashion  of  his  time,     (c)  'While  the  learned  were  writlDg 


SECOND     STYLE..  47 

,*or  each  other  in  Latin,  English  was  gradually  advancing  upon  them. 
It  was  getting  molded,  improved,  purified,  enriched.  Age  after  age 
saw  it  develop ;  ever  and  anon  something  was  achieved ;  it  kept  grow- 
ing in  strength,  stature,  compass,  refinement;  it  forgot  some  words 
— it  learned  others;  it  got  thoroughly  formed,  fixed,— perfected ; 
acquired  fullness  of  tone,  variety  0/  cadence,  force  of  character: 
so  that  now  we  have  books  in  all  possible  styles  of  writing,  to  whicn 
every  English  reader  has  access,  nnd  by  the  study  of  which  any 
one  may  be  disciplined  in  English  authorship.  He  who  will  put 
himself  under  these  masters,  and  do  justice  to  their  lessons  and  their 
example,  may  acquire  power  over  his  own  tongue,  ability  to  embody  and 
adorn  his  thoughts,  to  an  extent  far  superior  to  what  they  will  possess 
who  have  enjoyed  the  advantages*  of  a  learned  education,  if  they  have 
not  gone  and  done  likewise.  Whatever  may  be  a  man's  acquaintance 
with  other  literature  and  other  languages,  to  be  attractive  and  classical 
as  an  English  writer,  he  must  study  English ;  and  England  is  now  so 
rich  in  those  who  have  used,  or  who  use  her  tongue,  that  he  who 
knows  only  that,  has  ample  means  for  learning  so  to  speak  in  it,  that 
the  world  shall  listen, — provided  always  that  he  has  something  to  say. 

(d)  "  Provided  that  he  has  something  to  say  ;"  of  course.  We  as- 
sume that.  If  a  man  has  not  something  to  say,  he  should  hold  his 
tongue,  and  certainly  he  should  refrain  from  authorship.  But  I  wish 
you  to  understand  that  even  when  a  man  has  something  to  say,  the 
listening  will  not  follow,  or  not  always,  unless  there  be  something  also  in 
his  mode  of  saying  it.  That  there  may  be  this,  he  must  work  and  toil — 
toil  and  work.  He  must  make  it  an  object.  He  must  labor  upon  style. 
He  must  give  hours,  and  days,  and  nights,  to  that  His  style  must  be 
his  own,  and  it  must  be  natural  and  simple ;  but  to  be  his  own  it  must 
oe  formed  by  the  study  of  other  men's ;  and  to  be  simple  and  natural,  it 
must  be  gradually  arrived  at  by  long  devotion  to  composition  as  an  art. 
This  one  thing — the  necessity  for  labor — for  labor  of  this  sort  and  on 
this  object — that  is  the  one  lesson  which  I  bring  to  you,  young  men,  to- 
night. If  you  wish  to  succeed  as  the  writers  of  prize  essays,  or  as  the 
writers  of  anything  else,  ponder  the  lesson,  and  profit  by  it. 

(c)  It  is  of  more  importance  to  you  than  to  those  who  receive  a  higher 
«ducation,  who  whether  they  aim  at  and  think  of  it  or  not,  can  not  help 
acquiring,  while  learning  other  tongues,  something  of  power  and  skill 
as  to  their  own.  In  acquiring  the  knowledge  of  Latin  and  Greek,  they 
oome  into  contact  with  the  masters  of  the  world, — with  the  men  whose 
writings  are  distinguished  by  every  attribute,  and  include  every  species 
of  excellence, — who  have  supplied  models  in  every  department,  and  left 
behind  them  lessons  for  all  time.  Students  are  taught,  among  other 
things,  to  notice  peculiarities  of  Btyle  and  expression;    they  may  be 


4:8  BRIEF      LONGHAND. 

required  to  write  out  careful  translations  of  characteristic  passagei 
— and  if  they  have  anything  of  spirit  and  enthusiasm,  they  will  do  this 
whether  it  be  positively  required  or  not.  All  along,  as  these  classical 
scholars  grow  up  into  men,  they  necessarily  become  acquainted  with  the 
best  writers  in  the  English  language.  They  can  not  avoid  reading  a 
great  deal.  They  must  do  so  to  acquire  the  knowledge  which,  as  gen- 
tlemen, they  are  expected  to  possess.  But  in  reading  even  with  this 
view,  they  can  not  be  insensible  to  the  characteristic  peculiarities  of  our 
different  writers.  Their  education  and  habits  enable  them  to  under- 
stand their  excellences  and  their  defects ;  they  can  compare  them  with 
the  works  of  the  great  authors  to  whom  their  daily  studies  introduce 
them ;  they  read  and  hear  discussions  of  various  sorts,  on  every  thing 
connected  with  writing  as  an  art ;  and  hence  from  the  necessity  of  the 
case — without  their  having  labored  at  English  composition,  or  made  the 
attainment  of  an  English  style  the  object  of  specific  and  patient  pursuit 
—such  men  hardly  help  having  skill  and  power  when  they  come  to 
write.  (/)  By  necessary  consequences,  taste  has  been  formed,  a  spirit 
imbibed,  an  influence  felt,  a  knowledge  of,  and  power  over,  words 
acquired ;  all  the  elements  of  good  writing  are  thus  generated  and 
developed  as  by  a  natural  growth,  with  unconscious  spontaneity,  so  that 
when  the  time  comes  for  something  to  be  written,  it  can  be  written,  and 
written  well.  It  is  very  different,  however,  with  you.  who  are  not  sub- 
jected to  this  mental  discipline,  and  who  must  do  for  yourselves,  by  the 
Btudy  of  writers  in  your  own  language,  what  in  a  great  degree  is  done 
for  a  man,  who  is  thoroughly  drilled  in  classical  scholarship.  True, 
however,  to  what  I  have  already  said,  I  adhere  to  my  former  statement, 
in  spite  of  all  that  I  have  now  advanced ;  and  I  beg  to  repeat  it  in 
another  form.  Let  it  be  understood,  then,  that  many  classical  scholars 
would  be  nothing  the  worse,  but  something  very  much  the  contrary,  for 
some  tolerably  long  and  laborious  study  of  our  own  writers,  with  a 
specific  view  to  their  writing  English — their  purposed  attainment  of  a 
thoroughly  good  English  style.  I  believe,  moreover,  that  none  of  our 
great  and  distinguished  men,  who  dazzle  or  charm,  soothe  or  captivate, 
by  the  power,  splendor,  or  graces  of  their  diction — none  of  them  would 
ever  have  written  as  they  do,  if  they  had  been  content  wkh  what  they 
could  not  help — wbat  was  forced  into,  or  came  to  tbem,  as  the  una- 
voidable result  of  their  training  and  education.  Depend  upon  it,  what- 
ever the  learning  of  our  great  authors,  they  became  great,  as  English 
writers,  by  study  and  toil ;  by  making  the  style  in  which  they  were  to 
write,  the  object  at  once  of  effort  and  ambition ;  giving — till  they  at- 
tained something  like  what  they  sought,  or  found  out  what  they  could 
do— their  days  and  nights  to  the  labor  vd  the  luxury.  To  such  men 
n  would  be  both. 


SECOND      STYLE. 


49 


SPECIAL   CONTRACTIONS. 

§  25.  The  word-signs  furnished  in  previous  sections  are  contractions 
of  words  which  may  be  expected  to  occur  frequently  in  any  kind  of 
writing.  In  addition  to  these  and  the  more  common  contractions  con- 
tained in  the  following  section,  and  the  ordinary  abbreviations  for  the 
denominations  of  time,  money,  etc.,  the  writer  may  devise,  in  accordance 
with  the  general  principles  of  abbreviation,  such  contractions  aa  may 
seem  required  by  each  class  of  subjects.  A  large  number  of  abbrevia- 
tions especially  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  the  legal  profession  has 
already  been  devised.  The  principles  of  contraction  have  been  exten- 
sively applied  in  abbreviating  the  expression  of  many  of  the  peculiar 
terms  required  by  the  physical  sciences.  The  expression  of  mathe- 
matical operations  is  already  exceedingly  brief.  The  mode  of  com- 
munication between  the  "  proof  reader"  and  compositor  is  a  remark- 
able instance  of  the  benefit  and  safety  of  an  extensive  application  of 
the  principles  of  contraction.  The  majority  of  grammatical  and  musical 
terms  are  abbreviated.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  add  to  the  abbrevia- 
tions of  theological  terms.  The  following,  however,  will  be  found  to 
effect  no  inconsiderable  saving : 


§  28.    CONTRACTIONS 

Child  of  God,  chdvG. 
children  of  God,  chdn  G. 
children  of  Israel,  chdnl. 
Christ,  Xpitfrocr,  Xt  or  C. 
Christian  church,  Xnch. 
Christianity,  Xnty  or  Xy. 
Church  of  Christ,  chC  or  chXt 
Church  of  God,  chG. 
Vernal  life,  etllife. 
everlasting  life,  evlslife. 
Holy  Ghost,  HGh. 
Holy  Scriptures,  HScrs 
Holy  Spirit,  HSp. 
Jehovah  Jesus,  JJ. 
Jesus  Christ,  JC  or  JXt. 
justification  by  faith,  jusfth 
kingdom  of  Christ,  kg*C. 
kingdom  of  God,  kgdG 
kingdom  of  Heaven,  kg^Hv 
Vingdom  of  Satan,  /.  ^'Stn. 


FOR    THEOLOGICAL    WRITERS. 

kingdom  of  the  world,  kgr;  W. 
kingdoms  of  the  world,  kg*"  Wc 
Lord  and  Saviour    Jesus  Christ, 

LSJC. 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,  LJC. 
People  of  God,  Pv  G. 
power  of  God,  pwr  G. 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  RCCh. 
Scriptural  principles,  Scrprs. 
Son  of  God,  Snv  G. 
Son  of  Man,  SnvM. 
spirit  of  Christ,  spC. 
spirit  of  God,  sp  G. 
spirit  of  Jesus,  spJ. 
spirit  of  the  world,  sp  W 
Spiritual  World,  Spl  W. 
truth  of  God,  trvG. 
true  God,  tr  G. 
wisdom  of  God,  wis^G. 
Word  of  God,  WGd. 


50 


BRIEF      LONGHAND 


§  27.  Caution. — All  special  contractions  should  be  avoided  in  writing 
for  the  compositor,  however  safely  they  may  be  employed  in  writing  for 
one's  own  eye,  or  in  correspondence  with  those  familiar  with  the  subject. 


§  28.     TABLE  OF   COMMON   ABBREVIATIONS. 


A.  or  Ans.,  answer. 

A...  acre  or  acres. 

A.  A.  S.,  Academia  Americana  Socius, 
Fellow  of  the  American  Academy. 

A.  B.,  Artium  Baccalaureus,  Bachelor 
of  Arts. 

A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  American  Board  of  Com- 
missioners for  Foreign  Missions. 

A.  C,  ante  Christum,  before  Christ 

Acct.,  account. 

A.  D.,  anno  Domini,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord. 

Ad  lib.,  ad  libitum,  at  pleasure. 

Adj.,  aijective. 

Adjt,  Adjutant 

Adjt-Gen.,  Adjutant-General. 

Admr.,  Administrator. 

Admx.,  Administratrix. 

Adv.,  adverb. 

Mi.,  atatis,  of  age. 

A.  &  F.  B.  S.,  American  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society. 

Agt.,  agent. 

Ala.  or  AL,  Alabama. 

Aid.,  Alderman  or  Aldermen. 

Alex.,  Alexander. 

Alt,  altitude. 

A.  M.,  Artium  ifagister,  Master  of  Arts. 

A.  M,  anno  mundi,  in  the  year  of  the 
world. 

A.  M.,  ante  m-eridiem,  rooming. 

Am.,  American. 

Amer.,  America. 

And.,  Andrew. 

Anon.,  anonymous. 

Ans.  or  A.,  answer. 

Anth.,  Anthony. 

Apoc.,  Apocalypse. 

Apr.,  April.  # 

Arch.,  Archibald. 

Archb.  or  Apb.,  Archbishop 

Ark.,  Arkansas. 

Art,  Article. 


Assist.  Sec,  Assistant  Secretaiy. 

A.  8.  8.  U.,  American  Sunday  School 

Union. 
Atty.,  Attorney.    Attys.,  Attorneys. 
Atty.-Gen.,  Attorney  -General. 

A.  U.  C,  anno  urbis  conditce,  in  the  year 
after  the  building  of  the  city 

Aug.,  August. 

Auth.  Yer.,  Authorized  Version. 

B.,  Book  or  Books. 

B.  A.,  Baccalaureus  Artium,  Bachelor 
of  Arts 

B.  A.,  British  America. 

Bar.  or  bl.,  barrel. 

Bar.,  Baruch. 

Bart.,  Baronet. 

B.  C,  before  Christ 

B.  D.,  Baccalaureus  Dicinitatis,  Bach* 
elor  of  Divinity. 

Benj.,  Benjamin. 

B.  L.,  Baccalaureus  Legum,  Bachelor  of 
Laws. 

Bis.  or  bbl.,  barrels. 

B.  M,  Baccalaureus  Medicina;  Bache- 
lor of  Medicine. 

B.  M.,  British  Mail. 

B.  M.  or  Brit.  Mus.,  British  Museum. 

Bp.,  Bishop. 

B.  E.,  Banco  Regis,  King's  Bench. 

Br.,  brig. 

Brig.,  Brigade ;  Brigadier. 

Brig.-Gen.,  Brigadier-General. 

Bro.,  Brother.    Bros.,  Brothers. 

Bu.,  bushel  or  bushels. 

B.  V.,  Betita  Virgo,  Blessed  Virgin. 

C.  or  cent,  centum,  a  hundred. 

Cet  par.,  ceteris  paribus,  other  things 

being  equal. 
Cat,  Calenda>.  the  Calends. 
Cal.,  California. 
Can..  Canada. 
Cap.  or  c,  caput,  chapter. 
Cap.,  Capital.    Caps.,  Capitals. 


SECOND      STYLE 


51 


Oaj  t.,  Captain. 

Capt.-Gen.,  Captain-General. 

Cash.,  Cashier. 

Oath.,  Catherine ;  Catholic. 

C.  B.,  Companion  of  the  Bath. 

C.  C.  P.,  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 

C.  E.,  Canada  East. 

Cf.,  confer,  compare. 

Ch.,  chaldron  or  chaldrons. 

Ch.,  Church.    Chs.,  Churches. 

Chanc,  Chancellor. 

Chap.,  c,  or  ch.,  chapter. 

Chas.,  Charles. 

Chron.,  Chronicles. 

CI.  Dom.  Com.,  Clerk  of  the  House  of 
Commons. 

Cld.,  cleared. 

Co.,  County;  Company. 

Coch.,  cocMeare,  a  spoonful. 

Col.,  Collega,  Colleague. 

Col.,  Colonel ;  Colossians. 

Cold.,  colored. 

Coll.,  Collegium,  College. 

Com.,  Commodore  ;  Committee ;  Com- 
missioner. 

Com.  Arr.,  Committee  of  Arrangements. 

Oomdg.,  Commanding. 

Comp.,  Company  (Military) 

Comp.,  compare. 

Com.  Ver.,  Common  Version. 

Conj.,  conjunction. 

Conn,  or  Ct.,  Connecticut. 

Const.,  Constable;  Constitution. 

Contr.,  contraction. 

Cor.,  Corinthians. 

Cor.  Sec,  Corresponding  Secretary. 

C.  P.  Common  Pleas. 

(!.  P.,  Court  of  Probate. 

C.  P.  8.,  Gustos  Privati  Sigilli,  Keeper 
of  the  Privy  Seal. 

C  E.,  Gustos  Roiidorum,  Keeper  of  the 
Rolls. 

Cr.,  Creditor. 

C.  S.,  Court  of  Sessions. 

C.  S.,  Gustos  Sigilli,  Keeper  of  the  Seal. 

Ct ,  Count. 

Ct.  or  c,  cent.    Cts.,  cents. 

Curt.,  current  (month). 

C.  W.,  Canada  "West. 

Cwt,  hundred  weight 

D.,  day  or  days ;  dime  or  dimes. 

D.,  denarius,  a  penny  ;  denarii,  pence. 

Dan.,  Daniel. 


D.  C,  District  of  Columbia. 

D.  C.  L.,  Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 

D.  D.,  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

Dea.,  Deacon. 

Dec,  December. 

Deg.,  degree  or  degrees 

Del.,  Delaware. 

Del.,  delineavit,  drew. 

Dem.,  Democrat. 

Dep.,  Deputy ;  Departmeu 

Deut.,  Deuteronomy. 

Dft.,  Defendant. 

D.  G.,  Dei  Gratia,  by  the  gracs  ef  &o^ 

Dist.  Atty.,  District  Attorney. 

Div.,  Division. 

Do.  or  ditto,  the  same. 

Doll.,  dollar.    Dolls.,  dollars. 

Doz.,  dozen. 

D.  P.,  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

Dr.,  dear ;  drachm  or  drachms. 

Dr.,  Doctor ;  Debtor. 

D.  V.,  Deo  volente,  God  willing. 
Dwt.,  pennyweight. 

E.,  East. 

Eben.,  Ebenezer. 
Eccl.,  Ecclesiastes. 
Eccles.,  Ecclesiasticus. 
Ed.,  Editor  ;  Eds.,  Editors. 
Edin.,  Edinburgh. 
Edit,  or  Ed.,  edition. 
Edm.,  Edmund. 
Edw.,  Edward. 

E.  E.,  errors  excepted. 
E.  E.,  ell  or  ells  English. 
E.  Fl.,  ell  or  ells  Flemish. 
E.  Fr.,  ell  or  ells  French. 

E.  G.,  or  ex.  g.,  exempli  gratia,  for  ex 

ample. 
E.  I.,  East  Indies. 
Eliz.,  Elizabeth. 
Eng.,  England. 
Engd.,  engraved. 
Ep.,  Epistle. 

Eph.,  Ephraim  ;  Ephesians. 
E  S.,  ell  or  ells  Scotch. 
Esq.,  Esquire.    Esqrs.,  Esquires. 
Esth.,  Esther. 
Et  al.,  et  alibi,  and  elsewhere ;  et  alii 

and  others. 
Etc.,  et  ceter-4-ai-a,  and  so  forth. 
Et  seq.,  H  sequentia,  and  what  follows. 
Ex.,  Example. 
Exc,  Exception. 


52 


BRIEF     LONGHAND. 


Exec,  or  Exr.,  Executor. 

Exec.  Com.,  Executive  Committee. 

Execx.,  Executrix. 

Exod.,  Exodus. 

Ezd.,  Ezdra. 

Ezek.,  Ezekiel. 

Pahr.,  Fahrenheit 

F.  A.  S.,  Fellow  of  the  Antiquarian  So- 
ciety. 

Fath.,  fathom  or  fathoms. 

F.  D.,  Fidel  Defensor,  Defender  of  the 
Fwth. 

Fe.-. ,  February. 

F.  E.  8.,  Fellow  of  the  Entomological 
Society. 

F  G.  S.,  Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society. 

F.  H.  S.,  Fellow  of  the  Horticultural  So- 
ciety. 

Fig.,  figure  or  figures. 

Fir.,  firkin  or  firkins. 

Fla.,  Flor .  Florida. 

F.  L.  S.,  Fellow  of  the  Linneean  Society. 

F.  M.,  flat  mixtura,  let  a  mixture  be 
made. 

ifol.,  fo.,  or  f.,  folio  or  folios. 

Fred.,  Frederick. 

F.  R.  S.,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

F.  S.  A.,  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Arts. 
Ft  or  f.,  foot  or  feet 

Fur.,  furlong  or  furlongs. 

Fut,  future. 

Ga.,  Georgia. 

Gal.,  Galatians. 

Gal.,  gallon.    Gals.,  gallons. 

G.  B.,  Great  Britain. 

G.  C.  B.,  Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath. 
Gen.,  General ;  Genesis. 
Gent.,  Gentleman. 
Geo.,  George. 
Gov.,  Governor. 
Gov.-Gen.,  Governor-General. 
G.  E.,  Georgius  Rex,  King  George. 
Gr.,  grain  or  grains. 
Guin.  or  G.,  guinea  or  guineas. 
H.  or  hr.,  hour  or  hours. 
Hab.,  Habakkuk. 
Hag.,  Haggai. 

H.  B.  M.,  His  or  Her  Britannic-  Majesty. 
Hcb.,  Hebrews. 

Hd.,  hogshead.    Hhd.,  hogsheads. 
H.  E.  L  C,  Honorable  East  India  Com- 
pany. 
H.  M..  His  or  Her  Majesty. 


H.  M.  S.,  His  or  Her  Majesty's  Ship  oi 

Service. 
Hon.,  Honorable. 

Hon.  Gent,  Honorable  Gentleman. 
Hon.  Mem.,  Honorable  Member. 
Hon.  Sec,  Honorary  Secretary. 
Hos.,  Hosea. 
H.  P.,  half-pay. 
H.  E.  H.,  His  Royal  Highness. 
Hand.,  hundred  or  hundreds. 
I.,  island.    Is.,  islands. 
Ibid,  or  ib.,  ibidem,  in  the  same  place. 
Id.,  idem,  the  same. 
I.  e.,  id  est,  that  is. 
I.  H.  S.,  Jesus  Ilominum  Salvator,  Je*u» 

the  Saviour  of  Men. 
111.,  Illinois. 
Imp.,  Imperfect. 
In.,  inch  or  inches. 
Incog.,  incognito,  unknown. 
Ind.,  Indiana. 

In  lim.,  in  limine,  at  the  outset 
In  loc,  in  loco,  in  or  at  the  place. 
I.  N.  R    I.,  Jesus  Nazarenus  Hex  Jit- 

dceortim,  Jesus  of  Xazareth  King  of 

the  Jews. 
Ins.,  Inspector. 
Ins  -Gen.,  Inspector-General. 
Inst,  instant,  of  this  month. 
Int,  interest :  interjection. 
In  trans.,  in  transitu,  on  the  passage. 
Io.  or  la.,  Iowa.    See  §  14,  Rem.  8. 
I.  O.  O.  F.,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 

Fellows. 
Irreg.,  Irregular. 
Isa.  or  Is.,  Isaiah. 
Jan.,  January. 
Jas.,  James. 

J.  D.,  Jurum  Doctor,  Doctor  of  Laws. 
Jer.,  Jeremiah. 
Jno.  or  Jn.,  John. 
Jona.,  Jonathan. 
Jos.,  Joseph. 
Josh.,  Joshua. 
J.  P.,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 
Jud.,  Judith. 
Judg.,  Judges. 

Judg.  Adv.,  Judge  Advocate. 
Jun.  or  Jr.,  Junior. 
Just,  Justice. 
J.  V.  D.,  Juris  utr-rvm/ue  Doc'or,  Doctor 

of  each  Law  (of  the  Cano'i  and  th» 

Civil  Law). 


SECOND      STYLE. 


53 


Kan.,  Kanz;\s. 

K.  B.,  King's  Bench. 

K.  B.,  Knight  of  the  Bath. 

K.  C,  King's  Counsel. 

K.  C.  B.,  Knight  Commander  of  the  Bath. 

Ken.  or  Ky.,  Kentucky. 

K.  G.,  Knight  of  the  Garter. 

Kil.,  kilderkin  or  kilderkins. 

K.  M.,  Knight  of  Malta. 

K.  P.,  Knight  of  St  Patrick. 

K.  T.,  Knight  of  the  Thistle. 

Kt.  or  Knt.,  Knight. 

L.,  line. 

La.,  Louisiana. 

Lam.,  Lamentations. 

Lat.,  latitude. 

Lb.,  pound  or  pounds  (weight). 

L.  C,  lower  Canada. 

L.  D.,  Lady  Day. 

Ld.,  Lord.     Ldp.,  Lordship. 

Leag.,  lea.,  or  1.,  league  or  leagues. 

L.  L,  Long  Island. 

Lib.  or  1.,  liber,  Book. 

Lieut.,  Lieutenant. 

Lieut.-Col.,  Lieutenant-Colonel. 

Lieut.  Comdg.,  Lieutenant  Commanding. 

Lieut.-Gen.,  Lieutenant-General. 

Lieut.-Gov.,  Lieutenant-Governor. 

Liv.,  Liverpool. 

LL.  B.,  Leguin  Baccalauretis,  Bachelor 

of  Laws. 
LL.  D.,  Legum  Doctor,  Doctor  of  Laws. 
Lon.  or  Lond.,  London. 
Lon.  or  long.,  longitude. 
L.  S.,  Lot  us  Sigilli,  Place  of  the  Seal. 
Lt.,  Light 

Lt.  In.,  Light  Infantry. 
L  X  X.,  Septuagint  (Version). 
M.,  mi/lc,  one  thousand. 
M.,  manijndus,  a  handful. 
M.,  rneridie,  meridian,  noon. 
M.,  misce,  mix. 
M.,  mile  or  miles. 
M.  or  Mons.,  Monsieur,  Mr.,  Sir 
Mace,  Maccabees. 
Mag.,  Magazine. 
Ma].,  Major. 

Maj.-Gen.,  Major-Gtneral. 
Mai.,  Malachi. 
Man.,  Manasses. 
Mar.,  March. 

Mass.  or  Ms.,  Massachusetts. 
Math.,  Mathematics. 


Matt,  Matthew. 

M.  B.,  Medicinm  Baccalaureus,  Bache- 
lor of  Medicine. 

M.  B.,  Musicm  Baccalaureus,  Bachelor 
of  Music. 

M.  C,  Member  of  Congress. 

M.  D.,  Medicinm  Doctor,  Doctor  of  Med- 
icine. 

Md.,  Maryland. 

Me.,  Maine. 

Mem.,  memento,  remember;  memoran- 
dum. 

Messrs.,  Messieurs,  gentlemen. 

Mic,  Micah. 

Mich.,  Michigan ;  Michael. 

Mid.,  Midshipman. 

Miss.,  Mississippi. 

Mo.,  Missouri. 

Mo.,  month.    Mos.,  months. 

M.  P.,  Member  of  Parliament 

M.  P.,  Member  of  Police. 

Mr.,  Mister. 

M.  B.  A.  8.,  Member  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Society. 

M.  R.  C.  S.,  Member  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons. 

M.  R.  I.  A.,  Member  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy. 

Mrs.,  Mistress. 

MS.,  manuscriptum,  manuscript. 

MSS.,  manuscripts. 

Mus.  D.,  Doctor  of  Music. 

M.  "W.,  Most  Worthy. 

N.,  North. 

N.,  note  or  notes. 

N.  A.,  North  America. 

Nah.,Nahum. 

Nath.,  Nathaniel. 

N.  B.,  nota  bene,  mark  welL 

N.  B.,  New  Brunswick. 

N.  C,  North  Carolina. 

N.  E.,  New  England. 

Neb.,  Nebraska. 

Neh.,  Nehemiah. 

Nem.  con. ,  n  mi  ■< e  contradicente  ;  N em 
diss.,  nemine  dissentiente,  unanimous- 

iy. 

N.  F.,  Newfoundland. 
N.  II.,  New  Hampshire 
N.  J.,  New  Jersey. 
Nl.,  nail.    Nls.,  nails. 
N.  M.,  New  Mexico. 
I  N.  O.,  New  Orleans. 


54: 


BRIEF     LONGHAND. 


No.,  numero,  in  number ;  number. 

Noa.,  numbers. 

Nov.,  November. 

N.  8.,  Nova  Scotia ;  New  Style. 

N.  T.  or  New  Test.,  New  Testament 

Num.,  Numbers. 

N.  T.,  New  York. 

O.,  Ohio. 

Ob.,  objection. 

Obad.,  Obadiah. 

Obt,  obedient. 

Oct,  October. 

Olym.,  Olympiad. 

Or.,  Oregon. 

O.  S.,  OldSt.le. 

0.  T.  or  Old  Test.,  Old  Testament 

O.  T.,  Oregon  Territory. 

O.  U.  A.,  Order  of  United  Americans. 

Oxon.,  Oxford. 

Oz.,  ounce  or  ounces. 

P.,  page.    Pp.,  pages. 

P.,  pole  or  poles. 

P.  aeq.,  partes  (equates,  equal  parts. 

•"ar.,  paragraph. 

r'art,  participle. 

Payt,  payment 

Pd.,  paid. 

Penn.  or  Pa.,  Pennsylvania. 

Per  an.,  per  annum,  by  the  year. 

Per  cent,  per  centum,  by  the  hundred. 

Pert,  Perfect 

Pet,  Peter. 

Ph.  D.,  Philosophies  Doctor,  Doctor  of 

Philosophy. 
Phil.  Philippians. 
Phila.  or  Phil.,  Philadelphia. 
Philem.,  Philemon. 
Pinx.  or  pxt,  pinxit,  painted. 
PI.,  plural. 
PIff.,  Plaintiff. 
P.  M.,  Postmaster. 
P.  M.,  post  meridiem,  evening. 
P.  M  G.,  Postmaster-General. 
P.  O.,  Post  Office. 
P.  P.,  post-paid. 
Pop.,  population. 
Prep.,  preposition. 
Pres.,  President ;  present 
?rob.,  Problem. 
Prof.,  Professor. 
Prop.,  Proposition, 
prot,  Protestant 
Pro  tem.,pro  tempore,  for  the  time  being. 


Pro  v.,  Proverbs. 

Prox.,  proximo,  of  next  mouth. 

P.  E.  S.,  President  of  the  Royal  Societj 

P.  8.,  Post  scriptum,  Postscript 

P.  8.,  Privy  Seal. 

Ps.,  Psalm  or  Psalms. 

Pt,  pint    Pts.,  pints. 

Pub.  Doc.,  Public  Document*. 

Pun.,  puncheon  or  puncheons. 

Q.,  Queen. 

Q.  or  Ques.,  Question. 

Q.,  quadrans,  farthing ;  quadrantes,  fart 
thiugs. 

Q.  B.,  Queen's  Bench. 

Q.  C,  Queen's  Counsel. 

Q.  E.  D.,  quod  erat  demonstrandum, 
which  was  to  be  proved. 

Q.  E.  F.,  quod  erat  faciendum,  ■which 
was  to  be  done. 

Q.  1.  or  q.  p.,  quantum  lilei  or  placet,  a* 
much  as  you  please. 

Qr.,  quarter. 

Q.  8.,  quantum  sufficit,  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity. 

Qt,  quart    Qts.,  quarts. 

Q.  v.,  quod  vide,  which  see. 

Qy.,  Query. 

R,  Rex,  King ;  Regina,  Queen 

E.,  rood  or  roods  ;  rod  or  rods. 

E.  A.,  Eoyal  Academician. 

E.  A.,  Eoyal  Artillery. 

R  A.,  Eussian  America. 

E.  E.,  Eoyal  Engineers. 

Eecd.,  Eeceived. 

Eec.  Sec,  Eecording  Secretary. 

Eect,  Eector. 

Eef.,  Eeformed ;  Eeformation. 

Eeg.,  Eegister. 

Eegt,  Eegiment 

Eep.,  Eepresentative. 

Eev.,  Eeverend ;  Eevelations. 

E.  I.,  Ehode  Island. 

Eichd.,  Eichard. 

E.  M.,  Eoyal  Marines. 

E.  N.,  Eoyal  Navy. 

Eobt,  Eobert 

Eom.,  Eoman  ;  Epistle  to  the  Romans. 

E.  E.,  Eailroad. 

E.  8.  S.,  Region  Societatis  Socius,  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Society. 

Et  Hon.,  Eight  Honorable 

Et  Eev.,  Eight  Eeverend. 

Et.  Wpful.,  Eight  Worshipful. 


SECOND      ST1  I.E. 


55 


E.  W.,  Eight  Worthy. 

S.,  South. 

S.,  shilling  or  shillings. 

S.  or  sec,  second  or  seconds. 

S.  A.,  South  America! 

Sam.,  Samuel  (Book  of). 

Saml.,  Samuel. 

S.  A.  8.,  Societatis  Jntiquariorum  So- 
oiwt,  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quarians. 

8.  C,  South  Carolina. 

Sc,  sculpsit,  engraved. 

8c,  scruple  or  scruples. 

S.  caps  ,  small  capitals. 

Schr.,  Schooner. 

Scil.,  sc,  or  s.,  scilicet,  namely. 

Sec,  Secretary. 

Sect.,  sec,  or  8.,  section  or  sections. 

Sen.,  Senior ;  Senate ;  Senator. 

Sept.,  September. 

Serg.,  Sergeant. 

Serg.-Maj.,  Sergeant-Major. 

Servt.,  servant. 

S.  J.  C,  Supreme  Judicial  Court 

Sol.,  solution:  Solomon. 

Sol.,  Solicitor. 

Sol.-Gen.,  Solicitor-General. 

S.  P.  Q.  B.,  Senutus  populusque  ltoma- 
nus,  the  Senate  and  people  of  Eome. 

Sq.  m.,  square  mile  or  miles. 

S.  S.,  Sunday  School. 

8.  S.,  sequentia,  what  follows. 

S3.,  scilicet,  to  wit,  namely. 

St,  Saint ;  street 

S.  T.  D.,  Sanctm  Theologies,  Doctor,  Doc- 
tor of  Divinity. 

Ster.,  Sterling. 

S.  T.  P.,  Sonata  Theologim  Professor, 
Professor  of  Divinity. 

S.  T.  T.  L.,  sit  tibi  terra  levis,  may  the 
earth  be  light  to  thee. 

Sup.,  Supplement;  Supernumerary. 

Surg.,  Surgeon. 

Surg.  •Gen.,  Surgeon-GeneraL 

Sus.,  Susannah. 

T.,  ton  or  tons. 

Tenn.,  Tennessee. 

Tex.,  Texas. 

Text.  Eec,  Textus  Receptus,  the  Eece'tv- 
ed  Text 

Theo.,  Theodore. 

Theor..  Theorem. 

fliAss.  Thessalonians. 


Thos.,  Thomas. 

Tier.,  tierce  or  tierces. 

Tim..  Timothy. 

Tit,  Titus. 

T.  O.,  turn  over. 

Tob.,  Tobit 

Tr.,  transpose. 

Tr.,  Trustee.    Trs.,  Trustees. 

Trans.,  translation ;  translator 

Treas.,  Treasurer. 

U.  C,  Upper  Canada. 

U.  E.  I.  C,  United  East  India  Company. 

U.  J.  C,  Utriusqm  Juris  Doctor,  Doctor 

of  each  Law  (Canon  and  Civil). 
U.  K.,  United  Kingdom. 
Ult,  ultimo,  of  last  month. 
Univ.,  University. 
U.  8.,  United  States. 
U.  S.  A.,  United  States  of  America. 
U.  S.  A.,  United  States  Army. 
U.  S.  M.,  United  States  MaiL 
U.  8.  N.,  United  States  Navy. 
V.  or  vid.,  vide,  see. 
Va.,  Virginia. 
Ver.  or  v.,  verse  or  verses. 
Vers.,  vs.,  or  v.,  versus,  against 
V.  g.,  verbi  gratia,  for  example 
Viz.,  videlicet,  namely. 
Vol.  or  v.,  volume.    Vols.,  volumes. 
V.  Pres.  or  V.  P.,  Vice-President. 
V.  E.,  Victoria  Regina,  Queen  Victoria 
Vt,  Vermont. 
W.  West 
W.  f.,  wrong  font. 
W.  I.,  West  Indies. 
Wis.,  Wisconsin. 
Wisd.,  Wisdom  (Book  of). 
Wk.  or  w.,  week. 
Wm.,  William. 
W.  T.,  Washington  Territory. 
Wt,  weight. 
Xmas.,  Christmas. 
Xn.,  Christian. 
Xnty.,  Christiarity. 
Xt,  Christ. 

Yd.,  yard.    Yds.,  Yards. 
Yr.,  year.    Yrs.,  years. 
&c,  et  ceter-i-m-a,  and  so  forth. 
4to,  quarto. 
Svo,  octavo. 
12mo,  duodecimo. 
18mo,  octodecimo. 


56  BRILF     LONGHAND. 

Rex.  1.  It  is  scarcely  possible  to  conceive  of  more  outrageous  c  .ntra.'.tions— if, 
indeed,  they  can  be  so  called— than  8*.  for  scilicet,  and  viz.  for  videlicet.  For  th« 
former,  *c.  or  *.  should  be  substituted,  and  namely  for  the  latter. 

Rem.  2.  "  12mo,  ISmo."  etc.,  are  usually  pronounced,  by  printers,  "  twelve-mo, 
eighteen-mo.'*    The  pronunciation  is  not  worse  than  the  contraction. 


ABBREVIATED   LETTERS.— MARK  OF   ELISIOK. 

£  29.  The  labor  of  writing  may  be  considerably  economized  by  the 
use  of  contracted  forms  for  several  letters.  The  cases  in  which  such 
forms  may  be  employed  in  brief  longhand  may  be  specified  as  follqws : 

1.  (a)  The  letter  y  following  most  of  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  may 
be  contracted  to  J  ,  when  final ;  thus,  -f  ,  ly ;  ^  ,  fy ;  ^  , 
gy.     (b)  When  joined  to  a  following  letter,  it  may  be  written  thus; 

}/  .  This  contracted  form  should  not  be  employed  at  the  beginning 
of  a  word. 

2.  (a)  The  letter  g  in  combination  with  a  preceding  d,  as  in  lodge, 

edge,  may  be  written  thus :  d;  the  bulb  of  the  d  also  serving  as  the 
bulb  of  the  g.  (Z»)  This  letter  with  a  dot  over  the  ascending  stroke  may 
be  employed  for  dj,  as  in  acjoin,  acjourn  =  adjoin,  adjourn. 

*}.  The  script  for  'g'  may  be  contracted  to  ~f  when  final,  and  to 
'^  when  joined  to  a  following  letter. 

4.  The  sign  (td)  for  the  termination  ted  may  be  contracted  to  9^ 
The  connecting  stroke  may  be  omitted  when  not  required  for  joining  a 
following  letter  in  such  words  as  ■  unitdly.' 

5.  A  slight  saving  results  from  making  //.  instead  of  /for  * t\ 

§  30.  Lengthened  Mark  of  Elision. — The  legibility  of  some  contrac- 
tions is  increased  by  writing,  in  place  of  the  elided  portion,  a  mark  of 
elision  proportioned  to  the  part  omitted.  This  is  more  properly  em 
ployed  for  the  short  letters,  m,  n,  r,  u,  etc.  (b)  Two  of  the  contrac- 
tions previously  explained;  smng  (something)  and  ?ing  (nothing)  may 
be  still  more  contracted,  by  substituting  the  mark  of  elision  for  the 
middle  letters ;  thus,  ^ — ~^f  '"—f.  (c)  With  the  use  of  thia 
principle,  the  long  words  whether  and  rather  may  be  contracted  to 

iW Y—i  fl  IT"  •     The  advantage  of  this  method  may  be 

availed  of  in  the  common  style;  for  persons  of  ordinary  familiarj#j 
vith  writ'ng,  no  inconvenience  would  result  from  writing 


SECOND 

STYLE. 

57 

tir— k  —  g 

for  thinking. 

mot*-e 

for  motive. 

r— r— g 

"   singing. 

- 

"   in. 

c — diti — 

"    condition. 

s# — e 

"   since. 

•dim — si — 

"    dimension. 

th— 

N    then. 

vis- — 

"    vision. 

th— e 

"   there. 

lo-gh — d 

"   longhand. 

com 

■•cat-- 

-    "   communic.ition 

PROOF-READING. 

§  31.  No  apology  is  required  for  presenting  authors  with  the  printer'! 
established  modes  of  indicating  corrections  of  the  press.  A  knowledge 
of  these  methods  is  indispensable  for  authors  who  would  have  their  pro- 
ductions presented  in  a  proper  typical  dress ;  and  the  art  of  printing  is 
sufficiently  connected  with  the  various  literary  professions  to  render  it 
desirable  that  such  knowledge  should  be  acquired  by  all  who  are,  in  any 
manner,  devoted  to  letters. 

§  32.  When  the  author's  copy,  or  a  convenient  portion  of  it,  has  been 
set,  or  put  in  types,  a  proof-impression  is  taken  and  carefully  compared 
with  the  copy,  and  the  various  errors  which  appear  upon  a  first  reading, 
corrected.  This  process  of  examining  proofs  and  indicating  errors  ia 
called  proof-reading.  The  various  methods  of  corrections  are  specified 
in  the  following  sections. 

THE    WRONG   LETTER    OR    WORD. 

§  33.  A  wrong  letter  in  a  word  is  indicated  by  drawing  a  perpendicn- 
lar  line  through  it,  and  writing  the  correct  letter  in  the  margin. 

Eem.  1.  This  method  may  be  applied  for  the  correction  of  whole  words.  Two  Of 
more  wrong  letters  occurring  together  should  be  erased  by  a  horizontal  line. 

Ebm.  2.  "Wrong,  turned,  or  defective  letters,  and  letters  of  a  wrong  fount,  printeri 
denominate  literals.  The  correction  of  all  such  errors  properly  devolves  upon  the 
printing-office ;  but  the  combined  caution  of  author  and  proof-reader  rarely  suc- 
ceeds in  detecting  and  correcting  all  of  them. 

Rem.  3.  "When  punctuation  requires  alteration,  the  colon  (:)  or  period  (.),  if 
marked  in  the  margin,  should  be  encircled. 

Eem.  4.  Care  should  be  taken  that  the  double  letters  '  fl,  ff,  ffi,  fl,  ffl'  should  be  set 
instead  of  the  separate  letters. 

TURNED   LETTERS. 

§  34.  Attention  is  directed  to  an  inverted  letter,  by  drawing  a  per- 
pendicular  line  through  it,  and  writing    ^    in  the  margin. 

Ebm.  1.  Great  care  is  required  to  detect  a  turned  o  and  s;  but  their  discovery 
will  be  assisted  by  observing  that  when  inverted  they  are  slightly  above  the  bottom 

3* 


58  BKIEF     LONGHAND. 

of  the  small  le  ter*  «»,  n,  e,  etc.    It  should  be  observed,  also,  that  the  top  of  a  lett» 
is  narrower  than  the  Oottoni.    Observe  the  difference  between 

b  d  n  p  q  u    and 

inverted    b  (q),    d  (p),    n  (u),    p  (d),    q  (b),    n  (n), 
Eem.  2.  Phonetic  printers  should  observe  the  difference  between  the  phoi.etic 
Ul'  (oo)  and  an  Inverted  ra  (m). 

DEFECTIVE    LETTERS. 

§  35.  A  defective  letter  is  pointed  out  by  drawing  a  line  beneath>  or 
through  it,  and  making  a  small  cross  in  the  margin. 

WRONG    FOUNT. 

§  36.  When  a  type  of  a  wrong  fount  has  been  employed,  the  composi- 
tor's attention  is  directed  to  it,  by  erasing  the  letter  and  writing  w.f 
(=  wrong  fount)  in  the  margin. 

LETTERS    OR    WORDS    OMITTED. 

§  37.  If  a  letter  or  word  has  been  omitted,  it  should  be  written  in  the 
margin,  and  a  caret  ( a. )  made  at  the  place  for  its  insertion. 

I!  km.  It  In  the  language  of  printers,  a  word  omitted  is  called  an  out. 

Eem.  2.  "When  several  lines  or  words  are  added,  they  should  be  written  at  the 
bottom  of  the  page,  a  line  connecting  them  with  the  caret :  or  refer  to  the  copy,  if 
'.he  omitted  words  occur  in  it. 

SUPERFLUOUS  LETTERS  OR  WORDS. 

§  38.  If  a  superfluous  letter  or  word  is  detected,  erase  it,  and,  in  the 

margin,  write  Jf     (d,  a  contraction  for  the  Latin  dele  =  expunge). 

Eem.  1.  The  improper  repetition  of  a  word  is  denominated,  in  the  language  of 
printers,  a  double. 

CHANGE    OF    CHARACTER. 

§  39.  To  indicate  the  alteration  of  letters  or  words  from  one  character 
to  another,  draw  one  or  more  lines  under  the  letters  or  words — namely, 
for  capitals,  three  lines ;  for  small  capitals,  two  lines ;  for  italics,  one 
line; — and  write  in  the  margin,  opposite  the  alteration,  Caps.,  Sm. 
Caps.,  or  Ital. 

Eem.  1.  Change  from  Capitals  c  Small  Capitals  to  Small  Letters. — To  indicate 
this  change,  draw  a  line  through,  or  under,  the  letter  or  letters,  and  write  I.  c.  (a 
contraction  for  loicer  case)  in  the  margin. 

Eem.  2.  Change  from,  Italic  to  Hainan  Letters. — To  indicate  this  change,  draw  a 
line  through,  or  under,  the  letter  or  letters  to  be  changed,  and  write  Iiom.  (=Ec- 
mam  in  the  margin. 

Eem  3.  In  copy  for  the  printer,  one,  two,  or  three  lines  should  be  written  under 
a  word,  according  as  it  is  to  be  set  in  italics,  small  capitals,  or  capitals. 

Eem.  4.  Kinds  of  Types  employed  in  Book-icork.—ln  English  books  the  Eoman 
characters  are  usually  employed;  sometimes  the  Italic;  and  occasionally  the  ©ID 
LTilflllsI)      CLABENDON  is  a  variety  of  the  Eoman  character. 


SECOND      STYLE.  59" 

Rem.  5.  Capitals,  Small  Capitals,  and  Small  L'tteis.— Of  the  Roman  characters 
there  are  three  sizes  for  each  fount,  namely,  CAPITALS,  small  capitals,  and 
small,  or  lower-case,  letters.  The  small  letters  are  called  lower-case  letters  from 
the  fact  of  their  being  placed  in  the  lower-case  of  boxes  on  the  type-stand.  The 
others,  for  a  corresponding  reason,  are  sometimes  called  upper-case  letters.  SmaV 
capitals  are  not  usually  furnished  in  Italic  and  Old  English  founts.  Among  print* 
ers,  especially  in  proof-reading,  the  words  Capital  and  Italic  are  contracted  to  Cap 
and  ltal. 

Rem.  6.   The  first  word  of  every  chapter  is  usually  set  in  small  capitals. 

Rem  7.  Kinds  op  Type. — There  are  different  sizes  of  type,  of  which  the  follow- 
ing are  the  most  used  : — 

English,     abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 
Pica,  abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 

Small  Pica,   abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 
Long  Primer,  abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 
Bourgeois,  abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 

Brevier,  abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 

Minion,  abcdefehijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 

Nonpareil,  abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 

Agate,  abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyr. 

Pearl,  abcdefghijklrnMopiiT8tuvwxy7.. 

Diamond,  abciiefgbijklmnopqutuvwxyx 

Rem.  8.  Kinds  of  Type  used  in  Book-work.— The  kinds  of  type  most  used  for  the 
body  of  books  are  Small  Pica,  Long  Primer,  Bourgeois,  and  Brevier. 

Rem.  9.  Change  in  size  of  type  from  that  employed  for  the  body  of  a  work  should 
be  indicated  in  the  copy,  at  the  commencement  of  the  portion  to  be  set  with  types 
of  a  different  size. 

SUPERIORS. 

§  40.  The  apostrophe  ('),  inverted  commas  (")>  the  asterisk  (*),  and 
superior  letters  and  figures  are  ■written  above  a  curve  connected  with 
the  separatrix,  thus :    / 

Rem.  For  the  suggestion  of  this  sign,  the  Author  gladly  acknowledges  his  indebt- 
edness to  Mr.  Stephen  Jenkins  (the  proof-reader  in  the  office  where  this  work  is 
stereotyped),  whose  gentlemanly  traits  of  character,  learning,  talents,  and  thorough 
qualifications  for  the  profession  he  hoaors,  inevitably  procure  him  the  friendship 
of  all  appreciative  authors. 

TRAItoPOSITION. 

§  41.  When  two  letters  or  two  words  are  transposed,  draw  a  wave 
line  beneath  them,  and  write  tr.  (=  transpose)  in  the  margin. 

Rem.  1.  The  usual  practice  is  to  connect  the  two  words  by  a  curved  line ;  but  this 
method  is  frequently  inconvenient,  and  in  no  way  superior  to  the  one  now  recom- 
mended. 

Rem.  2.  Several  Words  misplaced. — When  the  position  of  several  words  requires 
to  be  changed,  draw  a  wave  line  beneath  them,  indicate  their  order  by  figure* 
written  above  them,  and  write  tr.  in  the  margin. 


p)0  BRIEF     LONGHAND. 


§  42.  Words  improperly  joined. — If  two  words  are  improperly  joined, 
write  a  caret  (/J  pointing  to  the  place  for  the  insertion  of  a  "space," 
and  write,  in  the  margin,  the  sign  of  a  space,  namely,  $ 

§  43.  Words  improperly  separated. — When  the  parts  of  a  single 
word  are  improperly  disjoined,  make  a  perpendicular  line  between  the 
parts,  and  write,  in  the  margin,  by  the  signs  previously  explained. 
dele  space. 

§  44.  Words  placed  too  far  apart  should  be  connected  by  a  hori 
zontal  parenthesis  (^,  written  above,  or  w,  written  below).  The  same 
sign  should  be  written  in  the  margin  to  attract  the  compositor's  attention. 

§  45.  Depression  of  a  Space. — When  a  space  requires  to  be  de- 
pressed, draw  a  line  beneath  it,  and  write    |    in  the  margin. 

PARAGRAPHS. 

§  46.  When  a  paragraph  has  been  improperly  made,  draw  a  line 
from  the  end  of  the  first  paragraph  to  the  beginning  of  the  second,  and 
write  in  the  margin,  no  IT. 

§  47.  A  new  paragraph  is  indicated  by  writing  a  caret  before  its 
first  word,  and  writing  IT  in  the  margin. 

Eem.  1.  "When  the  compositor  has  properly  made  a  hreak  in  the  matter,  but  hag 
neglected  to  "  indent"  the  first  word,  write  a  caret  before  it,  and  make  a  quadrangle 
in  the  margin.  The  quadrangle  denotes  an  em  quadrat,  which  is  usually  placed  at 
the  beginning  of  each  paragraph.  Some  proof-readers  make  use  of  the  quadrangle 
to  denote  a  new  paragraph,  but  very  improperly,  because  it  is  required  to  denote 
the  insertion  of  an  em  quadrat  in  cases  where  a  new  paragraph  is  not  desired. 

Eem.  2.  An  en  quadrat  is  denoted  by  a  quadrangular  figure  twice  as  long  (high) 
as  wide. 

CROOKED     LINES. 

§  48.  When  lines  are  crooked,  or  when  letters  require  justification,  a 
dash  of  the  pen  at  the  place  is  sufficient  to  call  to  it  the  attention  of  the 
compositor. 

CORRECTIONS    CANCELED. 

§  49.  When  something  has  been  erased  which,  upon  consideration,  it 
is  thought  best  to  retain,  the  wish  may  be  indicated  either  by  making  a 
row  of  dots  above  and  below  the  erased  portion,  or  by  underlining  it 
and  writing  in  the  margin,  stet  =  let  stand. 

ORDER    OF    CORRECTIONS THE    8EPARATRIX. 

§  50.  The  corrections  indicated  in  the  margin  should  be  separated 
by  a  line  (or  separatrix),  struck  downward  to  the  left ;  and  they  should 
be  placed  in  the  order  of  the  corrections  in  the  print  opposite. 

Eem.  1.  Greater  clearness  results  from  placing  most  of  the  marginal  correction! 
ibefore  a  slanting  stroke  even  when  not  followed  by  ai  other  correction. 


THIltD       STYLE.  61 


THIRD  STYLE  OF  BRIEF   LONGHAND. 

§  51.  Uses  and  Characteristics. — In  the  Third  Style  of  Brief  Long- 
hand, there  is  no  settled  list  of  word-signs  in  addition  to  those  of  the 
Second  Style.  Contractions,  however,  in  accordance  with  the  established 
principles  of  abbreviation,  are  employed  to  the  utmost  extent  consistent 
with  legibility ;  and  the  majority  of  vowels  and  silent  consonants  are 
omitted ;  and  the  writer  may  resort  to  any  labor-saving  device  which 
his  experience  and  invention  may  suggest.  The  Third  Style  is  designed 
for  use  on  all  occasions  where  speed  of  writing  is  of  primary  importance, 
as  in  copying  letters,  making  abstracts  of,  and  quotations  from,  books 
read, — taking  notes  of  lectures,  sermons,  discussions,  testimony,  charges, 
etc., — and  in  rough-sketching  articles  for  the  press,  or  of  any  kind 
Whatever. 

OMISSION    OF    VOWELS. 

§  52  In  the  Third  Style  the  majority  of  the  vowels  are  omitted.  Ex- 
perience suggests  the  propriety  of  the  following  specifications. 

1.  Initial  vowels  when  unaccented,  are  usually  omitted ;  when  ac- 
cented, they  are  either  to  be  written  or  the  mark  of  elision  substituted. 

2.  Medial  vowels  are  almost  invariably  omitted. 

3.  Final  vowels  are,  for  the  most  part,  omitted,  a  mark  of  elision 
taking  their  place. 

Eem.  1.  An  unaccented  initial  vowel  needs  to  be  written  or  indicated  by  a  mark 
of  elision  whenever  it  serves  to  distinguish  one  word  from  another;  as  along 
(-Ing  from  long  (lng),  avoid  (-vd)  from  void  (vd),  -Ik  (alike)  from  like  (Ik). 

Eem.  '2.  It  is  thought  better  to  write  a  single  accented  initial  vowel  than  to  write 
the  mark  of  elision  in  its  place.  The  mark  of  elision  may  then  be  more  certainly 
employed  to  indicate  a  double  vowel;  as  in  -rth,  earth;  -r,  ear,  ai--;  -£,  oil.  The 
mark  of  elision  may,  in  writing,  be  waved  when  it  represents  a  double  vowel. 

Rem.  3.  Medial  vowels  should  be  written  whenever  they  are  required  for  the  sake 
of  distinction;  as  in  new  to  distinguish  it  from  »w  (now*.  Experience  will  soon 
guide  the  writer  in  the  application  of  this  principle. 

Eem.  4.  The  final  y  should  be  written  whenever  the  abbreviated  form  can  be 
conveniently  employed. 

§  53.  Omission  of  Silent  Consonants.—  Silent  consonant  letters 
should  be  omitted ;  thus,  fl,  fall ;  tl,  tell ;  elm,  climb ;  hpy,  happy  ;  tk,- 
talk ;  ndt,  indict ;  add,  added  ;  Tms,  Thomas ;  Ik,  lack ;  cdm,  condemn  ■ 
err,  error;  pss,  possess;  -tnd,  attend;  bz,  buzz;  hm,  hymn;  -qr,  ac~ 
|uire;  hf,  half. 


02  BRIEF      LONGHAND. 

Rem.  1.  A  silent  letter  should  be  retained  when  it  is  necessary  to  characterize  ana 
distinguish  the  word  in  which  it  occurs. 

Rem.  2.  As  orthographic  habits  would  be  unsettled  by  the  substitution  of  one 
letter  for  another  of  the  same  sound,  as  /for  ph  in  philosophy,  no  direction  is  given 
to  that  effect  In  the  list  of  word-signs,  v  was  given  as  the  sign  for  of,  because/ was 
required  for  or,  and  -/for  if;  and  s  was  used  as  the  sign  of  as,  because  it  was  ne- 
cessary to  distinguish  that  word  from  is.  Lest  the  reader  should  make  an  inference 
to  the  disadvantage  of  phonetic  writing  from  the  preceding  remark  as  to  effect  of  a 
part  al  observance  of  the  phonetic  principle,  the  author  should  be  allowed  to  state 
that  experience  demonstrates  that  the  practice  of  the  genuine  phonetic  writing  doet 
not,  in  the  least,  unsettle  the  common  orthographic  habits;  on  the  contrary,  leading 
t*  a  comparison  of  a  false  orthography  with  a  truthful  one,  it  serves  to  impress  the 
former  upon  the  memory  of  some,  because  of  their  proneness  to  error ;  upon  the 
memory  of  the  good,  because  of  their  love  of  truth  and  aversion  to  its  opposite ! 

§  54.  Caution. — The  principles  explained  in  the  two  preceding  sec- 
tions should  not  be  applied  to  change  any  of  the  word-signs  as  used  in 
the  Second  Style ;  hence,  the  vowel  should  not  be  omitted  from  ■  abt,' 
or  ■  rep,'  nor  is  it  allowable  to  omit  one  of  the  p's  in  '  oppt,'  or  one  of 
the  Ps  in  '  fllg.' 

§  55.  Expedients. — To  denote  that  a  text  or  proposition  is  repeated, 
the  first  word  may  be  written  and  followed  by  &cc ,  or  the  parallels  ( || ) 
may  be  written  as  a  sign  for  the  entire  text  or  proposition.  A  long 
dash  may  be  substituted  for  any  portion  of  a  sentence  which  it  is 
thought  can  be  readily  supplied.  Sufficient  space  should  be  left  for  the 
insertion  of  any  word  or  clause  which  for  any  reason  has  to  be  omitted. 

It  is  no  part  of  the  Author's  aim  to  furnish  the  writer  with  a  series  of  arbitrary 
signs  as  means  of  securing  speed  in  the  expression  of  ideas.  "When  the  contractions 
heretofore  explained  do  not  give  sufficient  speed,  the  writer  should  learn  phonog- 
raphy, instead  of  wasting  time  to  devise  or  learn  a  series  of  arbitrary  signs. 
Amusement,  as  well  as  argument  against  the  use  of  arbitraries,  may  be  derived 
from  an  examination  of  the  following  arbitraries  employed  in  Rich's  system  of 
stenography:  H  both  together,  M  between  both,  F"  abundance,  u=  even  at  the 
right  hand  of  God,  X  in  the  midst,  ^  mingle,  ff  separate,  fff  several,  -x  to 
Christ  (the  cr,oss,  an  abbreviated  'x',  being  used  for  Christ),  x-  to  depart  from 
Christ ;  -i|  to  come  to  God  (q  being  Rich's  sign  for  g),  q-  to  depart  from  God,  :  x 
called  to  Christ,  x :  far  enough  from  Christ,  ^n  kindness  of  a  nation  (how  frequently 
such  a  phrase  would  occur,  the  reader  is  left  to  imagine),  n~  coldness  of  a  nation, 
—q  works  of  God,  q-"  power  of  God.  If  the  writer  should  wish  a  greater 
number  of  arbitraries,  he  might  employ  the  following,  and  many  others  constructed 
upon  the  very  obvious  principles  which  they  pretty  seriously  involve :  n  great 
abundance,  V"l  very  great  abundance,  f%]f  institutions  of  this  country,  t$JT  freedom 
of  speech.  The  very  great  suggestiveness  of  these  signs  affords  abundant  reasons 
for  their  use ! !  A  ""]  of  such  signs  can  be  seen  in  most  of  the  old  systems  of  short- 
hand ;  Phonography,  on  the  contrary,  by  reason  of  the  excellence  of  its  alphabet, 
enables  the  writer  to  keep  pace  with  the  voice  of  a  speaker  without  resort  to  a 
single  arbitrary. 


THIRD      STYLE.  63 

§56    EXERCISES. 

(1.)    STUDIES 

Sm  bks  rtb  tstd ;  os  tb  swld ;  &sm  fw  tb  chwd  &dgstd ; — tts,  sm  bks 
rtb  rd  -nly  i  prts ;  os  tb  rd,  bt  n  crsly  ;  &sm  fw  tb  rd  whly,  &w  dlgE  & 
tn\  Sm  bks  -Is-  mb  rd  b  dp',  &  xtrcts  md  vth  b  os ;  bt  tt  wd  b  -nly 
ie1  mpt  arg'"s,  &ie  mnr  srt  v  bks ;  els  dtld  bks  r  Ik  cn  dtld  wtrs — flshy 
ngs.  Rd1  mkth  a  fl  mn;  cfrK,  a  rdy  -mn ;  &  rt-,  a  xct  mn  ;  &,  thrr,  -fa 
Jin  rt  ltl,  h  hd  nd  h  a  grt  mmr- ;  -fh  cf  ltl,  hhd  nd  h  a  prse  wt ;  &,  if  h 
rd  ltl,  h  hd  nd  h  mck  cn-,  t  sm  t  k  wt  h  dth  n  k.  [?] — Bacon. 

KEY. STUDIES. 

Some  books  are  to  be  tasted ;  others  to  be  swallowed ;  and  some  few 
to  be  chewed  and  digested ;  that  is,  some  books  are  to  be  read  only  in 
parts ;  others  to  be  read,  but  not  curiously ;  and  some  few  to  be  read 
wholly,  and  with  diligence  and  attention.  Some  books  also  may  be  read 
by  deputy,  and  extracts  made  of  them  by  others ;  but  that  would  be 
only  in  the  less  important  arguments,  and  in  the  meaner  sort  of  books ; 
else  distilled  books  are  like  common  distilled  waters— flashy  things. 
Reading  maketh  a  full  man ;  conference,  a  ready  man ;  and  writing,  an 
exact  man ;  and,  therefore,  if  a  man  write  little,  he  had  need  have  a 
great  memory ;  if  he  confer  little,  he  had  need  hare  a  present  wit ;  and, 
if  he  read  little,  he  had  need  have  much  cunning,  to  seem  to  know  what 
he  doth  not  know.  [?] — Bacon. 

(2.)    SAYINGS    OF    SENECA. 

E  W  w  n  md  ia  d-,  nei  c  ny  hp  t  gn  with  b  sdn  efrt,  fe  sdn  efrts  ttr 
nwadys  md,  rna  wht  btr  thn  nn  -tl.  Wsd  als  nng  tb  gd,  ttlnbs-  fer; 
n  mn  tb  hpy  bt  h  tt  nds  noth  hpn  thn  wt  s  w1  h". 

KEY. — SAYINGS    OF    SENECA. 

The  world  was  not  made  in  a  day,  neither  can  any  hope  to  gain 
wealth  by  sudden  efforts,  for  the  sudden  efforts  that  are  nowadays 
made,  are  not  a  whit  better  than  none  at  all.  Wisdom  allows  nothing 
to  be  good,  that  will  not  be  so  forever ;  no  man  to  be  happy  but  he 
that  needs  no  other  happiness  than  what  is  within  himself. 


64  BRIEF     LONGHAND. 

(2.)    MENTAL,    MACHINERY. 

Fre  <JY.  Y.  Dly  Trbn,'  4  My,  1853. 

(a)  Wl  dvncd  zths  -g  v  lcmx  &  lbr-sv  s,  iis  phsc  prgrs,  ey  new  achy"5 
i  mchnc  art  s  hid  w  nthssm.  W  'prt  mntns,  &trvl  Ik  cnn  bis  ;  &yt,  a 
mr  -fctl  m'  pwr  s  anxsly  sght  f,  &e  *°theosis  v  Ercsn  only  wts  f  blr  btins 
ttlstnd  a  slw  fr.  Ntrs  frcs,  vsb  &.  nvsb,  r  md  tdrv,  nt-id,  "^bn's  v» 
mchnc  pwrs  ttwdh  -stnshd  &  bwldrd  Archmds,  oe  Mrqs  v  Wrcstr.  -r 
vy  nt-crckrs  &  ms-trps  r  -n  new  &lbr-sv  prs.  Hw  si  wr  mntl  mchnr-  ? 
N  tspk  v  maph3c  tls  &  ngns,  schz  Dgld  Strt,  &s  brthr  gnts  v  Sctlnd,  trtd 
v  s-  mstrly,  ie  ds  bf  phrn°',  msmrsrn,  &e  '  rp0' — hw  si  we  hmb  impl"8  ve 
schl-rm,  re  yng  id-  tks  is  frst  lsns  i  sprtl  prjctls  ?  r  th  p  we  tms  ?  re 
edctrs  -tv  sght  ve  '  drk  ags,'  ze  rlrd  ngnrs  r  -hd  ve  old  stgcch  Jhus : 
0,  re  frmr  stl  fl-  e  old  sw,  tt  '  thrsn  ryl  rd  t  k  P  Bt  thrs  tho.  -t  ny 
rt,  thrs  a  shrtr  ct,  -fwrnmstkn,  te  mns  v  btn*  k.  imnb  'ryl,'  n  st 
ryl',  bt  is  jst  e  ng  fe  dmoc.  Indd  dm00  mst  h  i  opnd  bf  i  c  b  q  sr  v  is  f thld 
-ne  pint. 

(6)  Dr.  Sml  Jnsn's  nx  v  edct*  a  boy  b  trn-  hm  Is  ia  lbrr-,  w  vy  gd,  bt  i 
apis  ta  ltr  stg  ve  bsn  thn  tt  wh  w  r  csdr-.  e  boy  mst  frst  lrn  hw  t  us  a 
lbrr-  oa  bk.  Nrly  hf  e  sm  ttl  v  edcN  h  nw  tb  xpndd  bf  e  b-  mks  a  pu* 
rhcbtrnd  Is  ag  bks  tny  prps.  Ths  stg  s  cstly  &  tds.  Cib  lmnatd,  o 
mtrly  -brdgd  ?  Ce  rd  fre  mere  Eng  tk-  anml  te  mn*  vaEng  bk,  bmd  s- 
shrt  tticb  trvrsd  iz  lttl  tm  z  one  nw  rqrs  t  g-  fr  N.  Y.  t  Cin.  Vyly  icb. 
-r  own  Frnkln  rsw  i,  &  pntd  -te  mns.  e  tht,  n  prhps  q  org  w  hm,  w  ev» 
sblmr  thnttv  tm*  e  ltnng.  Hde  W  acptd  i  zsnze  snd  pre  mnd  v  Friikln 
stmt  i  string,  thrwdn  nw  b  w  e  atmsphr  v  prntd  shts,  mlns,  n  evn  mny 
hndrds,  v  mnds  i  adit  bds,  blnk  z  mdnt  f  wnt  v  schl\  Wt  nw  csts  u  nrlj 
hf  w  h  txpnd  f  edc\  wdb  -tnd  spnlnsly,  unvrsly,  bf  e  vy  bgn-.     Nwspprs 


THIRD     STYLE.  C5 

KEY. MENTAL    MACHINERY. 

From  the  "  New  York  Daily  Tribune,"  4  July,  1853. 

(a)  Well  advanced  as  this  age  of  locomotion  and  labor-saving  is,  in 
its  physical  progress,  every  new  achievement  in  mechanical  art  is  hailed 
with  enthusiasm.  We  transport  mountains,  and  travel  like  cannon  balls ; 
and  yet  a  more  effectual  motive  power  is  anxiously  sought  for,  and  the 
apotheosis  of  Ericcson  only  waits  for  boiler  bottoms  that  will  stand  a 
slow  fire.  Nature's  forces,  visible  and  invisible,  are  made  to  drive,  night 
and  day,  combinations  of  the  mechanical  powers  that  would  have  aston- 
ished and  bewildered  Archimedes,  or  the  Marquis  of  Worcester.  Our 
very  nut-crackers  and  mouse-traps  are  on  new  and  labor-saving  prin- 
ciples. How  is  it  with  our  mental  machinery  ?  Not  to  speak  of  meta- 
physical tools  and  engines,  such  as  Dugald  Stewart,  and  his  brother 
giants  of  Scotland,  treated  of  so  masterly,  in  the  days  before  phrenology, 
mesmerism,  and  the  "  rappings" — how  is  it  with  the  humble  implements 
of  the  school-room,  where  the  young  idea  takes  its  first  lessons  in  spirit- 
ual projectiles  ?  Are  they  up  with  the  times  ?  Are  the  educators  out 
of  sight  of  the  "  dark  ages,"  as  the  railroad  engineers  are  ahead  of  the 
old  stage-coach  Jehus  ?  Or,  are  the  former  still  filing  the  old  saw  that 
"  there  is  no  royal  road  to  knowledge  ?"  But  there  is,  though.  At  any 
rate,  there  is  a  shorter  cut,  if  we  are  not  mistaken,  to  the  means  of  ob- 
taining knowledge.  It  may  not  be  "  royal"  nor  suit  royalty,  but  it  is 
just  the  thing  for  the  democracy.  Indeed  democracy  must  have  it 
opened,  before  it  can  be  quite  sure  of  its  foothold  on  the  planet. 

(b)  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson's  notion  of  educating  a  boy,  by  turning  him 
loose  in  a  library,  was  very  good,  but  it  applies  to  a  later  stage  of  the 
business  than  that  which  we  are  considering.  The  boy  must  first  learn 
how  to  use  a  library  or  a  book.  Nearly  half  the  sum  total  of  education 
has  now  to  be  expended  before  the  boy  makes  a  point  where  he  can  be 
turned  loose  among  books  to  any  purpose.  This  stage  is  costly  and  te- 
dious. Can  it  be  eliminated,  or  materially  abridged  ?  Can  the  road 
from  the  mere  English  talking  animal  to  the  meaning  of  an  English 
book,  be  made  so  short  that  it  can  be  traversed  in  as  little  time  as  one 
now  requires  to  go  from  New  York  to  Cincinnati  ?  Verily  it  can  be. 
Our  own  Franklin  foresaw  it,  and  pointed  out  the  means.  The  thought, 
not  perhaps  quite  original  with  him,  was  even  sublimer  than  that  of 
taming  the  lightning.  Had  the  world  accepted  it  as  soon  as  the  sound 
practical  mind  of  Franklin  stamped  it  sterling,  there  would  not  now  be 
within  the  atmosphere  of  printed  sheets,  millions,  nor  even  many  hun- 
dreds, of  minds  in  adult  bodies,  blank  as  midnight  for  want  of  schooling. 
What  now  costs  us  nearly  half  we  have  to  expend  for  education,  would 
be  attained   spontaneously,   universally,   before   the  very   beginning 


66  BRIEF     IONGHAND. 

b  °'prse,  rd-  e  mthr-tng  wdcmt  chdn,  &  adits  ttnwcn  rd,  za  mtr  v  crs, 
imch  z  tk\  Ths  a  n  ihr-  o  spcl\  bt  a  asrtnd  fct,  stld  b  aell  xprm  -ne  mat 
-ncltvtd  sbj9 

(c)  E  old-schl  """phs's  m  stl  -tthr  lsr,  w — r  e  wrds  ra  lngg  re  tl* 
wwhe  mnd  thnks;  thr  nqnb  e  tls  wwbe  thnkr  mks  s  thts  -vlb  o  nirkt1 
Lngg  se  gmd  ngn  v  edc\  &ve  mntl  mp  ve  rce  ;  btirgrd  tis  vsl  mchnsm, 
is  cntrs  bhnde  mrch  vr  phs"  prg.  is  hf  w  bk  te  prmds  &  hrglphcs.  ij 
'■bn'  v  sgns  tmk  e  spkn  wrds  vs'  r  arbtrr-,  irval,  &  mstrs  te  -nnttd ;  &a 
rsn  why  svy  pin.  Spkn  wrds  r  prdcd  b  rbn's  (tkn  csc,lv)  v  m1  ve  40 
c'tnct  ps's  whe  -rgns  v  vce  r  cp1'  v  -snv  ie  act  v  utrnce.  e  psh  nr  vsch  psvs 
8nmch°  40,  &e  actl  nr  usd  iny  lngg  snevmch1.  Ltrs  r  dsnd  trepth* 
sev  ps's  ve  -rgns,  o  el"18  v  vce,  &nngcb  plnr  thntt,  tmke  rtn  lngg  -sly 
rdb,  e  nr  v  ltrs  mat  xctly  crspnd  te  ''t  elnw  v  vce ;  &tt  one  ve  frmr  sdb 
nchngb  -prprtd  teave  latr.  Yt  fr  Cdms  t  Gs,  n  cvlzd  lngg  w  frnshd  w 
mrthn  one  hf  z  mny  ltrs  zihd  smplelmsv  snd  [?].  e  ngns  Chrk-,  h-  a 
rtn  lngg  tmk.  &prhps  sm  k  v  Frkln's  sgstns,  gv  s  rtrmn  e  rght  nr  v  ltrs, 
&e  <sq  w  tt  chdn  &  -dlts  lrnd  -t  once  t  rd  Chrk-  wt  schl*  i  Englsh  wh 
26  ltrs,  lv  14  ve  vcl  elms  nprvdd  f.  v  ncs7,  thrf,  sm  ve  26  ltrs  mstd  dh 
d',  bte  actl  us  s  far  wrs  thne  ncs',  s-  tte  ltrs  gly  r  mltvcl  o  mnysndd,  & 
hrdly  one  s  unvcl.     e  old  sng  hth  i  tt 

"  one  vce  fa  ortr  's  srly  -ngh,'- 

hwmchmr,  thn,  fa  ltr!  E  mny-sndd"  (ncld-  ttl  slE)  vr  Eng  ltrs,  csts 
ml'ii  v  mny  t  schl  a  prt  ve  ppl  thre  chs  v  spl-  (rth°* !),  &  shts  -t  zmny 
mlns  v  ppl  frl  prtcpx  ie  use  v  prntd  bks,  fe  wnt  vsch  schl  ! 

(d)  -f  wt  ithsttd  s  ndnb,  why  sdne  mntl  mchnry  ve  ctry  b  mdfd  ( 
crspnd  we  tr-  pr?     -fe  rslts  ve  chnge  wdbs-  bnfcl.  why  sdne  cnddts  f 


THIRD     STYLE.  67 

Newspapers  being  omnipresent,  reading  the  mother-  tongue  would  com* 
to  children,  and  adults  that  now  can  not  read,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
as  much  as  talking.  This  is  not  theory,  or  speculation,  but  an  ascer- 
tained fact,  settled  by  actual  experiment  on  the  most  uncultivated  sub- 
jects. 

(c)  The  old-school  metaphysicians  may  settle  at  their  leisure,  whether 
the  words  of  a  language  are  the  tools  with  which  the  mind  thinks ;  they 
are  unquestionably  the  tools  with  which  the  thinker  makes  his  thoughts 
available  or  marketable.  Language  is  the  grand  engine  of  education, 
and  of  the  mental  improvement  of  the  race  ;  but  in  regard  to  its  visual 
mechanism,  it  is  centuries  behind  the  march  of  our  physical  progress 
It  is  half  way  back  to  the  pyramids  and  hieroglyphics.  Its  combinations 
of  signs  to  make  the  spoken  words  visible  are  arbitrary,  irrational,  and 
mysterious  to  the  uninitiated ;  and  the  reason  why  is  very  plain. 
Spoken  words  are  produced  by  combinations  (taken  consecutively)  of 
more  or  le»s  of  the  forty  distinct  positions  which  the  organs  of  voice  are 
capable  of  assuming  in  the  act  of  utterance.  The  possible  number  of 
such  positions  is  not  much  over  forty,  and  the  actual  number  used  in 
any  language  is  never  much  less.  Letters  are  designed  to  represent 
these  several  positions  of  the  organs,  or  elements  of  voice,  and  nothing 
can  be  plainer  than  that,  to  make  the  written  language  easily  readable, 
the  number  of  letters  must  exactly  correspond  to  the  distinct  elements 
of  voice ;  and  that  one  of  the  former  should  be  unchangeably  appro- 
priated to  each  of  the  latter.  Yet  from  Cadmus  to  Guess,  no  civilized 
language  was  furnished  with  more  than  half  as  many  letters  as  it  had 
simple  elements  of  sound  [?].  The  ingenious  Cherokee,  having  a  writ- 
ten language  to  make,  and  perhaps  some  knowledge  of  Franklin's  sug- 
gestions, gave  his  countrymen  the  right  number  of  letters,  and  the  con- 
sequence was  that  children  and  adults  learned  at  once  to  read  Cherokee 
without  schooling.  In  English  we  have  26  letters,  leaving  14  of  the 
vocal  elements  unprovided  for.  Of  necessity,  therefore,  some  of  the  20 
letters  must  do  double  duty,  but  the  actual  use  is  far  worse  than  the 
necessity,  so  that  the  letters  generally  are  multivocal  or  many  sounded, 
and  hardly  one  is  univocal.     The  old  song  hath  it  that 

"  One  voice  for  an  orator  's  surely  enough," 
how  much  more,  then,  for  a  letter  !  The  many  soundedness  (including 
total  silence)  of  our  English  letters,  costs  millions  of  money  to  school  a 
part  of  the  people  through  the  chaos  of  spelling  (orthography !),  and 
shuts  out  as  many  millions  of  people  from  all  participation  in  the  use 
of  printed  books,  for  the  want  of  such  schooling ! 

(d)  If  what  we  have  stated  is  undeniable,  why  should  not  the  mental 
machinery  of  the  country  be  modified  to  correspond  with  the  true  prin- 
ciple ?    If  the  results  of  the  change  would  be  so  beneficial,  why  should 


68  BRIEF     LONGHAND. 

hut*  st  th"  t  brng  i  abt  ?  r  re  edctrs,  e  clgs,  e  lrnd  sc's  ?  r  th  -1  wdd 
t  dst  &  cbwbs  ?  H  th  stld  i  tt  mchnc  imprfn  &  -bsrd'  sh  -lws  1-  -te  fnd 
vr  Itrtr,  &  blk  p  aces  tis  njm>  H  nnsns  bem  s-  vnrb  ttimstnb  Hrbd  ? 
Mst  -1  ftr  gnr's  spl  thr  way  ite  kg*1  wmch  trbr  v  brch  &bwldrm  ?  Dth"w- 
h  mstrd  e  pzl  fr  ttthsh  la  thr  lbr  -f  thr  chdn's  brns  rn  rkd  we  sni  rdcla 
prblm  ?  o  sh  e  alph,  vl  nstrm8  &  ngns  vthe  tms,  b  shldd  fr  mpm,  1st  e  stk 
i  trd  ye  bblplsts  sdb  dprctd  i  vl-  ?  Wt  -f  -r  prse  lbrrs  sdbcm  zgdz  us1, 
xc  te  prs'  gnr*  v  rdrs  &  splrs,  be  chng,  -fe  chng  wdbgd  wn  md  ?  Hwn 
pprmls,  prss,  ink,  &  stm  t  rprnt  eyng  whs  wrth  prat-  -le  objns,  wn 
ywd  ie  lght  vr  phs"  prg,  r  amply  rdcls. 

(«)  Bte  lttr-  pdntr-  &  '"srvtsm  wh  ops  ths  chng  h  n  a  pg  1ft  t  sprt  th, 
fis  fnd  b  erf  xprm  tte  new  alphb  sa  grt  lbr-svr  i  teh-  &  lrn*  e  us  veo 
Bis  -d  ppls  lrn  t  rd  &  spl  e  txt  ve  -Id  alph,  btr  &i  hf  e  tm  csmd  ie  old 
way.  e  nvn'  o  rtcvr-  sv  nclcl''  vl-,  evn  -fe  prse  mperf  alphb  &  chtc  rth°* 
rtbfev  rtnd.  Ths  fct  ss-  wl  est  tt  ^prs1  SchlCtees  wd  d  wl  t  s-  thr  schls 
prvdd  w  rd-  bks,  prntd  bth  i  °n  type  &  phntype  -n  opst  pgs.  e  ppl  sptnsly 
lrns  e  ltr,  &s  gdd  bi  te  xct  prnnc'  vey  wrd.  i  rgrdt  -nsl  prpr  nns,  ths 
-rng "  wdb  hghly  bnf  evn  t  wl-edctd  -dlts.  i  hndrds  v  prmr-  schls 
phntpy  s  ths  o  othws  usd,  s-  far  ze  prpr  schl-bks  cbfnd.  -fe  mr  pph* 
rd--bks  wr  prprd  ie  way  wh  dscrbd,  e  prg  ve  refrm  wdb  farmr  rpd, 
&whndt  tt  -f  one  sch  lsn-bk  cd  fnd  -dmi  t  schl,  iwd  sn  htbflld  b  -ngh 
t  spl-  ea  ppl.  isvyprob  tt  -fe  phntpc  alphb  wr  tb  -dmtd  it  Itrtr  i  ths  way, 
a  gnr"  wdn  ps  bf  eowdb  crwdd  -t.  &w-  bt  pda»,  slv  drvrs,  &  dspts  wdbe 
mrnrs  ?  Pr  flws !  Thh  sn  thr  bst  ds.  Spntns  rd- — ey  chd  is  own 
pdgg,  s-  far  z  spl-  8  ccrnd — s  rtn  ie  bk  v  ft,  b  i  ftl  twmim. 


THIRD     STYLE.  69 

not  the  candidates  for  immortality  set  themselves  to  bring  it  about  ? 
Where  are  the  educators,  the  colleges,  the  learned  societies  ?  Are  they 
all  wedded  to  dust  and  cobwebs  ?  Have  they  settled  it  that  mechanical 
imperfection  and  absurdity  shall  always  lie  at  the  foundation  of  our 
literature,  and  block  up  access  to  its  enjoyment  ?  Has  nonsense  become 
bo  venerable  that  it  must  not  be  disturbed  ?  Must  all  future  generations 
spell  their  way  into  the  kingdom  with  much  tribulation  of  birch  and 
bewilderment  ?  Do  those  who  have  mastered  the  puzzle  fear  that  they 
shall  lose  their  labor  if  their  children's  brains  are  not  racked  with  the 
same  ridiculous  problem  ?  Or  shall  the  alphabet,  of  all  instruments 
and  engines  of  these  times,  be  shielded  from  improvement,  lest  the  stock 
in  trade  of  the  bibliopolists  should  be  depreciated  in  value  ?  What  if 
our  present  libraries  should  become  as  good  as  useless,  except  to  the 
present  generation  of  readers  and  spellers,  by  the  change,  if  the  change 
would  be  good  when  made  ?  Have  we  not  paper-mills,  presses,  ink,  and 
steam  to  reprint  every  thing  which  is  worth  printing  ?  All  the  objec- 
tions, when  viewed  in  the  light  of  our  physical  progress,  are  simply 
ridiculous. 

(e)  But  the  literary  pedantry  and  conservatism  which  oppose  this 
change  have  not  a  peg  left  to  support  them,  for  it  is  found  by  careful 
experiment  that  the  new  alphabet  is  a  great  labor-saver  in  teaching  and 
learning  the  use  of  the  other.  By  its  aid  pupils  learn  to  read  and  spell 
the  text  of  the  old  alphabet,  better  and  in  half  the  time  consumed  in 
the  old  way.  The  invention  or  discovery  is  of  incalculable  value,  even 
if  the  present  imperfect  alphabet  and  chaotic  orthography  are  to  be 
forever  retained.  This  fact  is  so  well  established  that  enterprising 
School  Committees  would  do  well  to  see  their  schools  provided  with  read- 
ing-books, printed  both  in  common  type  and  phonotype  on  opposite  pages. 
The  pupil  spontaneously  learns  the  latter,  and  is  guided  by  it  to  the 
exact  pronunciation  of  every  word.  In  regard  to  unusual  proper  nouns, 
this  arrangement  would  be  highly  benefieial  even  to  well-educated  adults. 
In  hundreds  of  primary  scho»ls  phonotypy  is  thus  or  otherwise  used,  so 
far  as  the  proper  school-books  can  be  found.  If  the  more  popular  read- 
ing-books were  prepared  in  the  way  we  have  described,  the  progress  of 
the  reform  would  be  far  more  rapid,  and  we  have  no  doubt  that  if  one 
such  lesson-book  could  find  admission  to  school,  it  would  soon  have  to  be 
followed  by  enough  to  supply  each  pupil.  It  is  very  probable  that  if 
the  phonotypic  alphabet  were  to  be  admitted  into  literature  in  this  way, 
a  generation  would  not  pass  before  the  other  would  be  crowded  out.  And 
who  but  pedants,  slave  drivers,  and  despots  would  be  the  mourners  ? 
Poor  fellows !  They  have  seen  their  best  days.  Spontaneous  reading— 
every  child  its  own  pedagogue,  so  far  as  spelling;  is  concerned — is  writ> 
ten  in  the  book  of  fate,  be  it  fatal  to  whom  it  may. 


70  BRIEF     LONGHAND. 


(8.)    USES   OF   AUTOBIOGRAPHY-. 

"Tlmni  mrnf  nrs, 
'Lf  8  bta  em'  drm!' 
Fe  si  s  dd  tt  slmbrs, 
&  ngs  rnwtth  am." 

I  sms  tm  tt  nng'  thn  e  Dvn  IntlgE  c  cPhnd  e  nfnt  ps1*  &e  -trnl  dstnf 

tt  slmbr  ie  frthcnr  grm  va  hmnb-     Nng  cbvmrmpt,  tschab-,  thn  xst"; 

-1  els,  z  tm  ultmtly  dmnstrts  s  scndr-  &  sbsrv*.     E  bgn-  &e  end  vl  hmn 

ndvr  8,  t  xst.     E  arts  &  sncs,  &  mchn's,  bwh  mn  sbsst,  r  z  trnse  ze  ps* 

elds — z  -phmrl  ze  shdws  v  -rth-brn  drms. 


&  yt,  wtthe  trnse  arts  &  tmsrv  nvn's,  hmn  xsf  wdb  mpsb.  -Ndd,  e 
fnd*  v  xstE  s  Id  ie  art  t  sbsst",  &n  two  iTs  wr  ev  mr  nseprs.  Nay,  mr, 
wte  itms  wh  -n  rvw  w  fnd  strng  -ne  rosr-  ve  flw  yrs;  wte  mnfld  ''cptb  & 
nrcrdb  tn's  bstd  b  mthr  &  f — r,  b  br — r  &  s — r,  be  frndly  nbr,  &  "  e 
stngr  w1  th-  gts" — wtthe,  thredbn  prsrv*  v  bdy,  n  -wkn"  v  lv,  n  incrs  v 
k,  n  stsfc"  w  lf,  n — xst". 


Hnc  is  tt  dspt  th*",  &  -pre1"'  i  drct  vV  v  brdr  aspr's,  mnk  dvr  w 
nstnc'  rlsh  wtv  s  spsd  tb  trly  aob0?.  -Fa  prsn  srsly  rprt  h*  i  sm  prdc,  evn 
tho  a  utr  stngr,  e  W  1  rev  e  nws  wa  aptt  nstb.  E  rim  v  sbsst11  se  rim  v 
bog.  F  xmpl,  ey  -dlt  rds  w  grtf  plsr  ve  dcovr-  y  Amer ;  bt  wn  e  prvt 
str-  ye  dcvrr  a  tld,  thn  bhld  hw  -1  clss  &1  ags,  v  bth  sxs,  mbb  e  b°* 
rvlm» ! 


E  hstr-  veW  s  'st  ;  ttva  prsn  s  fsnt*  Thrs  -lwys  smng  ia  strngr's  xp 
wh  n  mrtl  c  dvlg  sv  e  strngr  h*.  E  -ltrt  tfe's  va  hmnb*  abt  tb  hngd,  r 
nspkb  mr  thrl-  &  mprs  -f  tld  bh9  thn  bao,  evn  -fttobs  sprtl  -dvsr,  &a  adpt 
ie  art  v  nr\  Ths  instnet  f  aob°*  s  mplntd  ie  ntr  vl  mn ;  bt,  wn  1ft  t  sk 
e'fc"  ngdd  b  Ws'1,  i  rpdly  dgnrts  it  dfrm',  &  xhbts  mprfns  e  mst  rpl" 


THIRD      STYLE.  7J 


KEY. USES     OF     AUTOBIOGRAPHY 

"  Tell  me  not  In  mournful  numbers, 
'  Life  is  but  an  empty  dream !' 
For  the  soul  is  dead  that  slumbers, 
And  things  are  not  what  they  seem." 

It  seems  to  me  that  nothing  less  than  the  Divine  Intelligence  can  com- 
prehend the  infinite  possibilities  and  the  eternal  destinies  that  slumber 
in  the  forthcoming  germ  of  a  human  being.  Nothing  can  be  of  more 
importance,  to  such  a  being,  than  existence ;  all  else,  as  time  ultimately 
demonstrates,  is  secondary  and  subservient.  The  beginning  and  tha 
end  of  all  human  endeavor  is,  to  exist.  The  arts,  and  sciences,  and 
machinations,  by  which  men  subsist,  are  as  transient  as  the  passing 
clouds — as  ephemeral  as  the  shadow  of  earth-born  dreams. 

And  yet,  without  these  transient  arts  and  time-serving  inventions, 
human  existence  would  be  impossible.  Indeed,  the  foundation  of  ex- 
istence is  laid  in  the  art  of  subsistence,  and  no  two  relations  were  ever 
more  inseparable.  Nay,  more,  without  the  myriad  items  which  on  re- 
view we  find  strung  on  the  rosary  of  the  flowing  years ;  without  the 
manifold  imperceptible  and  unrecordable  attentions  bestowed  by  mother 
and  father,  by  brother  and  sister,  by  the  friendly  neighbor,  and 
**  the  stranger  within  thy  gates" — without  these,  there  could  be  no  pres- 
ervation of  body,  no  awakening  of  love,  no  increase  of  knowledge,  no 
satisfaction  with  life,  no — existence. 

Hence  it  is,  that  despite  themselves,  and  apparently  in  direct  viola- 
tion of  broader  aspirations,  mankind  devour  with  an  intuitive  relish 
whatever  is  supposed  to  be  truly  autobiographical.  If  a  person  se- 
riously report  himself  in  some  periodical,  even  though  an  utter  stranger, 
the  world  will  receive  the  news  with  an  appetite  insatiable.  The  realm 
of  subsistence  is  the  realm  of  biography.  For  example,  every  adult 
reads  with  grateful  pleasure  of  the  discovery  of  America ;  but  when  the 
private  story  of  the  discoverer  is  told,  then  behold  how  all  classes,  and 
all  ages,  of  both  sexes,  imbibe  the  biographical  revealments ! 

The  history  of  the  world  is  interesting ;  that  of  a  person  is  fascina- 
ting. There  is  always  something  in  a  stranger's  experience  which  no 
mortal  can  divulge  save  the  stranger  himself.  The  illiterate  confessions 
of  a  human  being  about  to  be  hanged,  are  unspeakably  more  thrilling 
and  impressive  if  told  by  himself  than  by  another,  even  if  that  other  be 
his  spiritual  adviser,  and  an  adept  in  the  art  of  narration.  This  in- 
stinct for  autobiography  is  implanted  in  the  nature  of  all  men ;  but, 
when  left  to  seek  gratification  unguided  by  Wisdom,  it  rapidly  degene- 
rates into  deformity,  and  exhibits  imperfections  the  most  repulsive 


72  BRIEF      LONGHAND. 

f*mes  tl-br  &  xtmprns  gsp  dtrb  a  ows  pcf  °n'.  E  snctr-  v  prvt  If  s  rthl,J 
entrd  ba  gng  v  hdlng  b°s  nvstgtrs,  &e  ndvdl  chrc  s  trd  &  fthrd,  -fn 
lnchd  b  a  nfrtd  mb  v  rpt1'  nwsppr-scrbh-s,  o  nscrpls  pmphltrs.  -L  thsa 
dlprd,  bth  i  prvt  &i  pb,  b  tr-  mn  &  nob  wmen. 

Agn :  im  &ds  smtm3  hpn  tte  pr  vnts  v  indvdl  xp  r  ipd  i  mstr-  & 
ncrtn',  omb  (1trtd  be  flit-  shdws  v  prncs  &  ncadctd  rprts.  Nw  sda  prsn 
ths  mltrprtd  ps  -lng  wt  tk-  s  own  If,  why,  thn  hs  lb  tb  nxpc  -sltd,  & 
prhps  mvdrd,  bsm  spsd  frnd  o  -nk  f-.  Hnc  i  flws,  zba  1"E  ncs,'  tt  -f 
indvdl  If  h  i  i  dvlpms  vny  pre  vl-  t  mnk —  -f  i  ctns  ny  frsh  lsnsv  ei"gm  & 
nstrc\  &s  -tesmtm  nvlvd  i  flsh  o  mstr-  — thn  i  most  mnfstly  bems  a  wrk 
v  jstc  &  mrcy  fe  sd  prsn  n  t  rtr  -t  dth  ntstt,  bt  t  bqth  tlwm  im  ccrn  a 
etrtfd  &  csnc3  RObOR — a  pin  rndr-  ve  vg  v  If— a  cf  ve  inr  Hrt. 


Mn  s  brn  nr  e  bs  va  hi — ia  vly  fl  v  shdws ;  bt,  once  -tve  crdl  h  bgna  t 
elm.  H  frthw  strgls  &  pnts,  mpld  be  hdn  frc  v  dstny,  t  -tn  e  smt.  Wa 
eye  pne  sny  ftr,  bt  k'  n  e  pthwy,  h  tgs,  &  frts,  &  tmbls,  -tey  trn.  E 
msts  ve  vly  m  nvlp  hm,  e  drr-  wst  v  p  v  &  (ls  m  strch  -wy  btne  hi  &hm, 
s  pth  m  ps  evn  thre  sltds  ve  dsml  swmp ;  yt,  ndntd,  &  Id  b  unsn  grdns. 
h  pshs  bldly  fd,  &  gns  trmphs,y  e  ht  v  s  frst  ambv :  wn,  lo !  h  fnds  hs  ia 

vly  stl,  o  —  wh  se  sm  ng,  bt  mr  sgs' te  bs  va  emn*  y t  hghr  &  mr 

-rsstb  -trc'. 

I  mk  the  smblc  afrm's,  bee  jrny  vmown  If  hbfre  cn  lvl  v  brth  to  smt 
va  cnd-  hL  E  frst  psv  rchd,  I  sw  a  vl  bfm;  &bydths  a  yt  hghr  hi  f  m  't 
t  elm.  I  d-  tm  &  trl,  ths  grtr  emnE  w  -Is-  sfly  rchd ;  &  strng  t  rlt,  1 
fnd  ms  -te  ft  v  stl  ao  elv\  whw  yt  mr  mntns  &mr  dfc  v  asnt.  Yt  m  wy 
w  plnly  pntd  -t  &  shwn  m ;  &s-,  -md  mpdms  -pre,y  nsrmnt1',  I  prsd  e  rgd 

E  brd  "fc*  ve  sn  fre  frtl  smt  vths  mjstc  mntn,  fr  'sndd  ey  prvs  pctr 


THIRD      STYLE.  73 

Pernicious  tale-bearing  and  extemporaneous  gossip  disturb  an  other- 
wise peaceful  community.  The  sanctuary  of  private  life  is  ruthlessly 
entered  by  a  gang  of  headlong  biographical  investigators ;  and  the  indi- 
vidual character  is  tarred  and  feathered,  if  not  lynched,  by  an  infu- 
riated mob  of  reputable  newspaper-scribblers  or  unscrupulous  pam- 
phleteers. All  this  is  deplored,  both  in  private  and  in  public,  by  true 
men  and  noble  women. 

Again  :  it  may  and  does  sometimes  happen  that  the  principal  events 
of  individual  experience  are  wrapped  in  mystery  and  uncertainty,  or 
may  be  distorted  by  the  flitting  shadows  of  appearances  and  uncontra- 
dicted reports.  Now,  should  a  person  thus  misinterpreted  pass  along 
without  taking  his  own  life,  why,  then  he  is  liable  to  be  unexpectedly 
assaulted,  and  perhaps  murdered,  by  some  supposed  friend  or  unknown 
foe.  Hence  it  follows,  as  by  a  logical  necessity,  that  if  individual  life 
has  in  it  any  developments  of  any  practical  value  to  mankind — if  it 
contains  any  fresh  lessons  of  encouragement  and  instructions,  and  is  at 
the  same  time  involved  in  falsehood  or  mystery — then  it  most  manifestly 
becomes  a  work  of  justice  and  mercy  for  the  said  person  not  to  retire 
at  death  intestate,  but  to  bequeath  to  all  whom  it  may  concern  a 
rftraiahtforward  and  conscientious  autobiography  -a  plain  rendering 
if  the  voyage  of  life — a  conlession  o*  »ue  inuer  heart. 

Man  is  born  near  the  base  of  a  hill— in  the  valley  full  of  shadows 
but,  once  out  of  the  cradle  he  begins  to  climb.  He  forthwith  struggles 
and  pants,  impelled  by  the  hidden  force  of  destiny,  to  attain  the  sum- 
mit. With  an  eye  upon  the  sunny  future,  but  not  knowing  the  pathway 
he  tugs,  and  frets,  and  tumbles,  at  every  turn  The  mists  of  the  valley 
may  envelop  him,  the  dreary  waste  of  poverty  and  disease  may  stretch 
away  between  the  hill  and  him,  his  path  may  pass  even  through  the 
solitudes  of  the  dismal  swamp ;  yet,  undaunted,  and  led  by  unseen 
guardians,  he  pushes  boldly  forward,  and  gains  triumphantly  the  height 
of  his  first  ambition :  when,  lo  !  he  finds  himself  in  a  valley  still,  or — 
which  is  the  same  thing,  but  more  suggestive — at  the  base  of  an  emi- 
nence yet  higher  and  more  irresistibly  attractive. 

I  make  these  symbolic  affirmations,  because  the  journey  of  my  own 
life  has  been  from  the  common  level  of  birth  to  the  summit  of  a  com- 
manding hill.  The  first  position  reached,  I  saw  a  vale  before  me ;  and 
beyond  this,  a  yet  higuer  hill  for  my  feet  to  climb.  In  due  time  and 
trial,  this  greater  eminence  was  also  safely  reached ;  and,  strange  to 
relate,  I  found  myself  at  the  foot  of  still  another  elevation,  which  was 
yet  more  mountainous  and  more  difficult  of  ascent.  Yet  my  way  was 
plainly  pointed  out  and  shown  me ;  and  so,  amid  impediments  appa- 
rently insurmountable,  I  pursued  the  rugged  mission. 

The  broad  magnificence  of  the  scene,  from  the  fertile  summit  of  thif 

4 


74  BRIEF      LONGHAND. 

o  xp.  Fa  wle  I  dwlt  ctntd  -nths  grgs  mntn-hm — frwh  led  s-  e  errs,  k 
wndr0,  &  msts,  &  tmpsts,  &  sgnf,  vey  vl  blw,  thrwh  Ihd  psd.  I  [it]  w 
Ik  stnd-  -na  sld  rk  be  ssd,  -wy  fr  trml  &  dngr,  bhld*  shps  zth  rs  &  fl  & 
strgl  we  strm.  F  thus  i  w  tt,  fr  dwn  e  his,  &eyr  ie  yIs  blw,  led  s-  m 
flwinn,  too  prd  tb  tght,  jmp-  fr  grg  t  elf,  &  mi-  thr  prsnl  wlfr  -tey  stp, 
Taly  strv  t  rch  e  Hghst  &e  Bst  b  mthds  mpsb  t  prv  advgs. — From  tht 
*  Magic  Staff.  An  Autobiography  of  Andrew  Jackson  Davis." 


(4.)    MAN    A    MICROCOSM. 

Mn  s  -1  smtry ; 
fl  t  prpr's,  one  lm  tao, 

&tle  W  bsds; 

ea  prt  m  cl  e  frthst  brthr, 
f  hd  w  ft  hth  prvt  am', 

&bth  w  mds  &  tds. 


Nng  hth  gt  s-  fr 
bt  mn  hth  ct  &kpt  i  za  pry ; 

s  eyes  dmnt  e  hghst  str, 

hs  i  ltl  -le  sphr. 
-rbs  gldly  cr  -r  flsh,  bcttth 

fnd  thr  -qntA  thr 

Fu  e  wnds  d  bl-, 
e  -rth  dth  rst,  bras  mv,  &fntns  fl-^ 

Nng  w  see  bt  mns  -r  gd, 

z  -r  dlt  o  z  -r  trsr ; 
e  whl.s  eie  cpbrd  v  fd 

0  cbnt  v  plsr. 

E  strs  Id  u  t  bd ; 
Tit  drs  e  crtn  whe  sn  wdrs> 

msc  &lt  -tnd  -r  hd. 

-L  ngs  nt  -r  flsh  r  kd 
ithr  dsnt  &  b- ;  tr  mnd, 

ithr  asnt  &cs. 


THIRD      STYLE.  iC 

majestic  mountain,  far  transcended  every  previous  picture  or  experience. 
For  a  while  I  dwelt  contented  on  this  gorgeous  mountain-home — from 
which  I  could  see  the  errors,  and  wanderings,  and  mists,  and  tempests, 
and  significance,  of  every  vale  below,  through  which  I  passed.  It  was 
like  standing  on  a  solid  rock  by  the  sea-side,  away  from  turmoil  and 
danger,  beholding  ships  as  they  rise  and  fall  and  struggle  with  the 
storm.  For  thus  it  was  that,  far  down  the  hills,  and  everywhere  in 
the  vales  below,  I  could  see  my  fellow-men,  too  proud  to  be  taught, 
jumping  from  gorge  to  cliff,  and  marring  their  personal  welfare  at 
every  step,  vainly  striving  to  reach  the  Highest  and  the  Best  by  meth- 
ods impossible  to  prove  advantageous. — From  the  "  Magic  Staff:  An 
Autobiography  of  Andrew  Jackson  Davis." 

KEY. MAN   A    MICROCOSM. 

Man  is  all  symmetry ; 
Full  of  proportions,  one  limb  to  another, 

And  to  all  the  world  besides ; 

Each  part  may  call  the  farthest  brother, 
For  head  and  foot  hath  private  amity, 

And  both  with  moods  and  tides. 

Nothing  hath  got  so  far 
But  man  hath  caught  and  kept  it  as  his  prey  ; 

His  eyes  dismount  the  highest  star, 

He  is  in  little  all  the  sphere. 
Herbs  gladly  cure  his  flesh  because  that  they 

Find  their  acquaintance  there. 

For  us  the  winds  do  blow, 
The  earth  doth  rest,  heavens  move,  and  fountains  flow; 

Nothing  we  see  but  means  our  good, 

As  our  delight  or  as  our  treasure  ; 
The  whole  is  either  the  cupboard  of  food 

Or  cabinet  of  pleasure. 

The  stars  lead  us  to  bed ; 
Night  draws  the  curtain  which  the  sun  withdraws, 

Music  and  light  attend  our  head. 

All  things  unto  our  flesh  are  kind 
In  their  descent  and  being ;  to  our  mind, 

In  their  ascent  and  cause. 


76  BRIEF     LONGHAND 


Mr  srv"  wt  -n  mn 
thn  hi  tk  ntc  v.     iey  pth 

h  trds  dwn  ttwh  dth  bfrnd  hm 

wn  skn  mks  hm  pi  &wan, 
0  !  mty  lv !  Mn  8  one  W,  &hth 

ao  t  -tnd  hm. 

Geo  Hrbrt. 


More  servants  wait  on  man 
Than  he'll  take  notice  of.     In  every  path 

He  treads  down  that  which  doth  befriend  him 

When  sickness  makes  him  pale  and  wan. 
0 !  mighty  love !  Man  is  one  world  and  hath 

Another  to  attend  him. 

George  Herbert 


PARTIAL    PHONOGRAPHY.  77 


PARTIAL  PHONOGRAPHY. 

§57.  BREVISCRIPTION  signifies  Brief  Writing,  and  is  a  branch  of 
science  and  art  that  treats  of  the  various  means  of  Brief  Writing.  It 
comprises  — 

1.  Standard  Phonography  —  consisting  of  the  standard  Old  Phonog- 
raphy in  its  best  -'edition"  as  wrought  out  by  the  united  action  of 
practical  phonographers,  with  Numerous  Improvements  added  by  the 
author  of  this  work. 

2.  Partial  Phonography — consisting  of  the  common  longhand,  with 
Phonographic  Word-Forms  for  the  most  frequent  words  and  phrases. 
The  most  extended  practicable  list  for  the  purpose  is  given  in  the  fol- 
lowing section. 

3.  Brief  Longhand. — "Brief  Longhand,  as  is  indicated  by  the  name, 
is  a  system  of  writing  with  the  common  letters  —  contractions  of  words, 
and  other  expedients,  being  resorted  to,  for  brevity.  It  deserves  the 
attention  of  every  person  who  feels  the  need  of  a  briefer  mode  of  writ- 
ing than  the  common  longhand,  but  who  cannot  devote  the  necessary 
time  for  learning  a  new  set  of  characters,  as  in  Phonography.  From 
the  very  first  hour's  study  considerable  advantage  may  be  immediately 
derived.  The  principles  may  be  gradually  introduced  until,  in  a  short 
time,  the  writer  will  be  enabled  to  increase  his  speed  of  writing  one 
hundred  per  cent.  The  system  is  so  simple  and  legible  that  it  may  be 
availed  of,  to  a  considerable  extent,  in  all  correspondence,  in  book- 
keeping, in  writing  for  the  printer,  and  for  most  of  the  other  purposes 
for  which  the  common  longhand  is  now  employed,  so  that  it  becomes 
of  importance  even  to  phonographers." — N.  J.  National  Standard. 

§  58.  When  the  Brief  Longhand  writer  is  willing  to  introduce  into 
his  abbreviated  writing  devices  that  might  not  be  readily  learned  by 
the  longhand  writer,  he  may  still  further  lessen  pen-labor  by  substi- 
tuting for  the  corresponding  Brief  Lonjrhand  word-signs  the  Phono- 
graphic Word-Forms  in  the  following  list  —  which  are  presented  with  a 
view  to  their  being  used  as  simple  geometrical  expedients,  without 
having  to  learn  the  phonographic  system,  though  for  the  curious  the- 
values  of  the  phonographic  signs  are  given  in  the  "Alphabetical  List." 


78.       §  59.-  PHONOGRAPHIC  WORD-FOKMS 
Selected  for  the  lse  of  Longhand  Writers. 
LIST  II. 

Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1866,  by  ANDREW  J.  GRAHAM,  in  the  Clerk*! 
Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  Tor  the  Southern  District  of  New  York- 

Note. — The  dot-line  indicates  the  line  of  writing.  All  signs  whose  position  is  not 
shown  by  it,  should  rest  upon  the  line.  The  following  word-forms  may  be  used  in 
any  letter,  if  accompanied  by  this  List,  and  can  be  used,  with  great  advantage,  in 
all  private  writing,  and  in  reporting  lectures,  etc.  This  List  adds  to  List  I.  the  signs 
of  frequently  used  "auxiliary"  verbs,  and  frequently-occurring  pronouns,  preposi- 
tions etc. These  forms  comprise  dots,  angles,  circles,  semicirles,—  and  strokes  of 

different  lengths :  full-length  (about  one  eighth  of  an  inch,  as  be),  half-length  (as  that, 
■under,  might),  quarter-lengths,  or  "dashes"  (as  of,  to). 

Dots,  Dashes,  and  Angles,  a  #  [x  Period-Mark],  .  an  or  and, 
_*,.  the.    ^     of,    N    to,   J     or,     x  but,     '     on,     /  should-st,     v     I. 

Semicircles  and  Circles.  _'  we.  _  with,  c  were,  3  what, 
>  would,    •»  you,  is,  his,     0    as,  has. 

Left-Inclined  Strokes.  \  by,  \  be,  V^  being,  N^  been, 
N^  before,     S^..to  be,     V__  if,     V_  /<""i     V^_  have,      ^  having,      "^   are, 

Perpendicular  Strokes.           |    it,     ^  its,  it  is,  it  has,      T    it  wiU,     I  do, 

|  doing,  ^  does,  J  done,  -|  -  had,  (  they,  them,  ^  they  will,  ^  Uteir, 
there,  they  are,     (     that,     )  was. 

Right-Inclined  Strokes.        /  which,  /   which  is,  which  has,     /*  which 

will,    _J  shall,  shali,  f  will,    f~  your.  £~    yours-elf. 

Horizontal  Strokes.  — -,  can,  ___  could,  ^  might,  ^  me.  my, 
^_^  am,  may,  him,  ^~^  in,  no,    ^  not,  ^,   under, thing,   ^-*  things. 

ALPHABETICAL  LIST  of  the  words  and  phrases,  followed  by  the  values  of  their 
Phonographic  signs. 

A.  a.  a;  am.  in;  an.  a;  and,  a;  are,  r;  as,  z.  B.  he,  b;  before,  bf;  been,  bn; 
being,  b.ing;  bat,  Ii;by,  b.  C  can,  kn:  could,  kd.  D.  do,  d;  does,  dz;  doing, 
d.ing:  done.  dn.  F".  for.  f;  from.  fr.  H.  had,  'd;  has,  z;  have,  'v;  having,  v.ing; 
him,  m:  his.  z.  I.  I,  i;  if,  f;  in.  n;  is,  z;  it,  t;  it  has.  tz:  it  is.  tz;  it  will,  tl;  its, 
ts.  TH,  may.  m:  me,  m;  might,  mt;  my,  m.  N.  no.  n;  not.  nt.  ©•  of.  6- 
on.  6;  or,  6.  "  S.  shall,  shalt,  sh;  should,  66.  T.  that,  tht;  the.  e.  them.  they,  th; 
their,  there  they  are.  thr;  they  will,  thl;  thing,  ng;  things,  ngs;  to,  66;  to  be,  b. 
IJ.  under,  nu.  W.  was.  Z;  we,  we;  were,  we:  what.  \v6;  which,  'ch;  which  is. 
which  has,  chz:  which  will,  chl;  will,  wilt,  1;  with,  wi;  would,  w66.  If.  you, 
y66;  your,  y;  yours,  yourself,  ys. 

J8S"  J83"  Use  the  phonographic  forms  for  the  Italic  words  in  wril.sg  the  following : 

STANDARD  PHONOGRAPHY  —This  is  tht  most  philosophical,  rapid,  and  beautiful  system  of  shm»- 
hand  writing  ever  invented.  [  The  basis  of  J  this  system  of  sborthaud  teas  invented  some  thirty  years  ago 
[in  18371,  by  Isaac  Pitman,  in  England.  It-has  undergone  many  improvement*;,  and  now.  as  far  as  may 
be.  is  perfected ;  and  it  is  being  introduced  iuto  very  many  of  the  schools,  both  public  and  private,  '.breugh. 
out  the  country.  The  system  as  now  used,  is  the  result  of  the  labor  and  study  of  Andrew  J.  Grahain.  of 
New  York,  by  whom  Pitmar's  system  teas  used  as  a  basis,  while  be  has  made  very  many  alterations,  xnd 
added  many  new  features  t'new  principles,  rules,  combinations,  devices,  contractions,  ana  word  signs' 
making  it  at  once  the  most  unique  and  useful  system  of  writing  that  can  be  imagined. 

The  lovers  of  beautiful  things  wiU  find  in  Phonography  sufficient  to  gratify  the  most  fastidious  taste.  Its 
faultless  curves  and  graceful  outlines  are  the  admiration  of  all.  making  a  page  of  phonographic  print  [or 
writngl  bear  more  resemblance  to  a  finely  executed  picture  than  any  thing  else.  And  Phonography  now 
has  quite  a  literature  of  its  own,  thanks  to  the  enterprise  of  Mr.  Graham,  affording  delight,  not  only  toth* 
mind  of  the  reader,  but  to  the  eye.  And  so  toe  mtght  go  on  enumerating  the  advantages  and  beauties  <f 
this  most  beautiful  science.  We  recommend  everybody  to  learn  it.  The  least  insight  into  its  fiiiiu*ophj 
mil  afford  great  pleasure,  and  a  complete  mastery  of  the  art  will  give  an  accomplishment  tchicjt  stay  i» 
•case  a  eourcc  of  much  profit  to  its  possessor — From  the  Haverhill   CUmss.    Gazittb. 


PARTIAL     PHONOGRAPHY.  79 

§60.  When  the  writer  has  familiarized  these  "  Phonographic  Word- 
Forms,"  he  may  add  as  many  more  of  the  phonographic  forms  as  he 
can  practically  familiarize,  from  the  Correspondent's  List  (alphabetically 
arranged),  in  the  Author's  "Little  Teacher,"  and  in  his  "Synopsis." 
Tiiese  signs  represent,  for  the  most  part,  by  simple  movements  of  the 
pen,  the  most  frequently  recurring  words  (and  sometimes  phrases)  of 
the  language.  They  can  soon  be  thoroughly  familiarized  by  persistent 
study  and  use  of  them. 


§  61. — Exercise  ix  the   First   Style,  ixtrodccixo  the  Phonographic 
Word-Forms.     See  p.  14,  §  10. 

I    'mere  x        so-€<{,  /Uz*uisruf   N    '    S^jA^zAUc^v-  juzA&ycJ-)      s 


80  PARTIAL  PHONOGRAPHY. 


§  02 —Exercise  in  the  Second,  or  Author's,  Style,  introducing    Pwj- 
nographio  Word-Forms.     See  p.  44.  §  24. 

uLfiosu&f,.—  '  .    o^t   £L  t&,  .  ^    «T      ■) 


^t*,    /^^    e^,     •     ^/x      V     ^     '    ^£/*<&~ 

L.L  x*^  x^    /2  J^   *"**,     ■      *>      '    ^/    ""- 

Ac^«   ^    ewfUe.    c^s    '      ^  **^* *****    ocf^ 


PARTIAL    PHONOGRAPHY,  81 

...  I 'yrvc/h,         .    AXAA/<.  N     b  /&urn, }     .     oCcC 

\  A^oueJQ  x    CJriJ  /tea^n,;  ~rvth,  b         rurt-cL  ~/i<n 

>£.  -^     '   rruzacpA/*1'    S     )   soum,  /wt/iAAj  &5<nX 

rrOtaJC    acC   xrrd  x  '€^e,    TTvrvnA/ ,    7    )     .     on>c ,  zy?7, 


ururz 


82  PARTIAL  PHONOGRAPHY. 

§  63. — Exercise  in  the  Third  Style,  introducing  Phonographic  Word- 
Forms.     See  p.  63,  §  56. 

V  A^    "*tf      '  -M&  i  J**  \  A*&  >    '      '  cA*f  i  ■  /*<* 

-£JL    yrs      \  /d     ^    dSt,/ ,    .    Jc/^yi;        (      ^  .s(Hf ; 

^-  ^^ .  ^  »**> »  ^£* ,  ..vtwi^y- 

.     oocA   rw. ,   .    TfOi/V  ,  •  rrs>%  /i^-XA-C  ,  -7v....„\... 

.  -fAsS  vA  -,   .  ^-  a  /d  3^3,  ~K    j  W     ^-    -wac^C 


PARTIAL    PHONOGRAPHY  ,  83 

§  G4, — Exercise,  in  the  Third  Style,  introducing  the  Phonographic 
Forms  of  the '"Correspondent's  List,"  as  given  in  the  Author's 
"Synopsis  of  Standard  Phonography." 

MENTAL  MACHINERY. 

(See  p.  65,  for  Key). 

°  -££ci.    c   ?j£<l<l™  x     c  fal  Tn^JrU,  .  -&m£    -UZ 


Otls^l. 


-fc<Ort4   (    3      -^^J-kJ   .  -&;,  OoOvi/'   ^rboJuiYbctt , 


'84  PABTIAL  PHONOGRAPHY. 

....|....W  /l/  ,    3     .  sdijJ^    <^y,  .Sr....:^!..  m^U^rv,       ^ 


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"            "     Per  package  of  5  quires 60,  "  .88 

"     Per  ream 2.10,  "  3.00 

Pencils  (Graham's  Reporting)  per  dozen 50,  "  .50 

"               "           per  half  gross 2.40,  "  2.60 

"                "           pergross 4.60,  5.00 

Pens  (Graham's  Phonographic)  gross 1.00,  "  1.00 

"             "                    "             box  of  3  dozen 30,  "  .::(» 

"             "          one  dozen 10,  "  .12 


rr 
J-  C 


U.J 


/< 


/ 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last 
date  stamped  below 


MAR  1  3  f953 


MAIN 


HAS 


AM. 


A^1! 


7[aia[iQ)ii|p.ipl3|4|fl(e 


B. 


1985 


P.M. 


2m-9,'46(A394)470 


UNIVERSITY  ot  CAUKOKNIa 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 


Z56 

G76b 

1908 


.  Bak  ei  s 
Dallas,    Texa* 


